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Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 212 (2020) 111999 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jphotobiol Invited Review Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis Caetano P. Sabinoa,b,⁎⁎,1, Anthony R. Ballc,1, Mauricio S. Baptistad,⁎,1, Tianhong Daie,f,1, Michael R. Hambline,g,1, Martha S. Ribeiroh,1, Ana L. Santosc,i,j,1, Fábio P. Sellerak,l,1, George P. Tegosc,m,1, Mark Wainwrightn,1 a Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil b BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil c GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Massachusetts Biomedical Initiatives, Worcester, USA d Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. e Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA f Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA g Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa h Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear, and Energy Research Institute, National Commission for Nuclear Energy, São Paulo, SP, Brazil i Department of Chemistry Rice University, Houston, TX, USA j IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain k Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil l School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil. m Micromoria LLC, Marlborough, USA n School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK T ARTICLE INFO Keywords: photoinactivation ultraviolet photodynamic photobiomodulation germicidal virucidal photobiology 1. Introduction The pandemic spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a red-alert global health threat [1,2]. In December 2019, COVID-19 expanded from Wuhan throughout China and was then exported throughout the world [1–4]. So far, more than 10 million people have been diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, and many more are expected to be diagnosed within the coming months [5,6]. As the epidemic evolves, national and global organizations are facing an urgent need to coordinate and combat this unprecedented large-scale public health crisis [6]. The epidemiological features of COVID-19 (i.e., severity, full spec- trum of disease, transmissibility) have not been fully dissected [7]. The consensus is that the risk for severe acute disease symptoms and death ABSTRACT The global dissemination of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has accelerated the need for the im- plementation of effective antimicrobial strategies to target the causative agent SARS-CoV-2. Light-based tech- nologies have a demonstrable broad range of activity over standard chemotherapeutic antimicrobials and conventional disinfectants, negligible emergence of resistance, and the capability to modulate the host immune response. This perspective article identifies the benefits, challenges, and pitfalls of repurposing light-based strategies to combat the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic. is higher among the elderly and the immunocompromised [8–10]. In severe cases, infected patients need to be transferred to intensive care units for tracheal intubation [11]. This phenomenon is particularly worrisome because it can overwhelm healthcare facilities during the epidemic peak [10–13]. The spread and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in diverse environments, such as healthcare, community, and residential areas, underlines the urgency for developing effective decontamination approaches as the pandemic crisis evolves [14]. A successful disinfection strategy coupled with additional infection-prevention countermeasures may sub- stantially reduce transmissibility from asymptomatic carriers, a feature that is considered pivotal in the rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. New light-mediated disinfection protocols are currently validated in hospitals and healthcare facilities for surface, air, and water as well as ⁎ Corresponding author. ⁎⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 1 E-mail addresses: caetano@biolambda.com (C.P. Sabino), baptista@iq.usp.br (M.S. Baptista). All authors contributed equally to the manuscript https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999 Received 18 May 2020; Received in revised form 7 August 2020; Accepted 17 August 2020 Available online 19 August 2020 1011-1344/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.PDF Image | A Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic
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