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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 309 2 of 10 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 309 2 of 10 artificial “daylight” sources, it might be possible to use a greenhouse in rainy, cold or windy weather sources, it might be possible to use a greenhouse in rainy, cold or windy weather conditions with conditions with sufficient natural daylight. sufficient natural daylight. Therefore, the present study investigated lamps already on the market with the aim of Therefore, the present study investigated lamps already on the market with the aim of clarifying clarifying which are the most suitable for indoor PDT with continuous “daylight” illumination. We which are the most suitable for indoor PDT with continuous “daylight” illumination. We measured the measured the spectrum of different artificial “daylight” sources and calculated the fluence rate and spectrum of different artificial “daylight” sources and calculated the fluence rate and PpIX light fluence PpIX light fluence received within two hours of exposure for different distances from the lamp. We received within two hours of exposure for different distances from the lamp. We also determined the also determined the amount of daylight available in a glass greenhouse situated outdoors in the amount of daylight available in a glass greenhouse situated outdoors in the open. We measured the open. We measured the spectrum and calculated the fluence rate and PpIX light fluence inside and spectrum and calculated the fluence rate and PpIX light fluence inside and outside the greenhouse for outside the greenhouse for two different weather conditions: clear blue sky and heavily overcast. We two different weather conditions: clear blue sky and heavily overcast. We then investigated at what then investigated at what visible light intensity (measured in lux) the lamps and greenhouse were visible light intensity (measured in lux) the lamps and greenhouse were able to photobleach PpIX in able to photobleach PpIX in persons with healthy skin. persons with healthy skin. 2. Results and Discussion 2. ResultsandDiscussion Using a spectroradiometer we measured the spectrum of different artificial light sources. In Using a spectroradiometer we measured the spectrum of different artificial light sources. addition, we measured the daylight spectrum inside/outside the greenhouse under different In addition, we measured the daylight spectrum inside/outside the greenhouse under different weather conditions. To be able to calculate the PpIX light fluence rate (mW/cm2 PpIX weighted) the weather conditions. To be able to calculate the PpIX light fluence rate (mW/cm2 PpIX weighted) the spectral measurements were weighted with the normalized (412 nm) absorption spectrum for PpIX spectral measurements were weighted with the normalized (412 nm) absorption spectrum for PpIX shown in Figure 1 [11]. We added a measurement of the illuminance of all light sources using a lux shown in Figure 1 [11]. We added a measurement of the illuminance of all light sources using a lux meter since it is much easier to use a lux meter than a spectroradiometer. meter since it is much easier to use a lux meter than a spectroradiometer. It is known that there is a linear dependence between increasing PpIX light dose and increasing It is known that there is a linear dependence between increasing PpIX light dose and increasing response rate for actinic keratosis [1]. Although the optimal fluence for daylight PDT is thought to be response rate for actinic keratosis [1]. Although the optimal fluence for daylight PDT is thought to be above 8 J/cm2, as low as 3.5 J/cm2 has also proved to be sufficient [1]. above 8 J/cm2, as low as 3.5 J/cm2 has also proved to be sufficient [1]. Figure 1. Photobleach protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) absorption spectrum. Reproduced with permission Figure 1. Photobleach protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) absorption spectrum. Reproduced with permission from Stine R. Wiegell, British Journal of Dermatology; published by Wiley and Sons, 2009. from Stine R. Wiegell, British Journal of Dermatology; published by Wiley and Sons, 2009. 2.1. Results from Five Different Artificial Daylight Sources 2.1. Results from Five Different Artificial Daylight Sources We investigated five different commercially available light sources. These were an overhead We investigated five different commercially available light sources. These were an overhead projector with dismantled mirror (Figure 2a), a slide projector (Figure 2b), a white LED lamp (Figure 2c), projector with dismantled mirror (Figure 2a), a slide projector (Figure 2b), a white LED lamp a red LED Panel (Figure 2d), and a red LED lamp used for conventional PDT (Figure 2e). In total, (Figure 2c), a red LED Panel (Figure 2d), and a red LED lamp used for conventional PDT (Figure 2e). 15 different lamp types were measured, but only the five lamps with the most suitable light for the In total, 15 different lamp types were measured, but only the five lamps with the most suitable light experiments were included. The results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 3. for the experiments were included. The results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 3.PDF Image | Alternatives to Outdoor Daylight for Photodynamic Therapy
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