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Anti-Biofilm Property of Bioactive Upconversion Nanocomposites

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Anti-Biofilm Property of Bioactive Upconversion Nanocomposites ( anti-biofilm-property-bioactive-upconversion-nanocomposites )

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molecules Article Anti-Biofilm Property of Bioactive Upconversion Nanocomposites Containing Chlorin e6 against Periodontal Pathogens Tianshou Zhang 1,2, Di Ying 3, Manlin Qi 1, Xue Li 1, Li Fu 1,2, Xiaolin Sun 1,*, Lin Wang 1,* and Yanmin Zhou 1,* 1 2 Department of Oral Implantology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Sciences and Technology for Stomatology Nanoengineering, Changchun 130021, China Department of Geriatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China 3 * Correspondence: sxl2673366@126.com (X.S.); wanglin1982@jlu.edu.cn (L.W.); zhouym62@126.com (Y.Z.) Received: 2 July 2019; Accepted: 22 July 2019; Published: 24 July 2019 􏰁􏰂􏰃 􏰅􏰆􏰇 􏰈􏰉􏰊􏰋􏰌􏰂􏰍 Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) based periodontal disease treatment has received extensive attention. However, the deep tissue location of periodontal plaque makes the conventional PDT encounter a bottleneck. Herein, upconversion fluorescent nanomaterial with near-infrared light excitation was introduced into the treatment of periodontal disease, overcoming the limited tissue penetration depth of visible light in PDT. Photosensitizer Ce6 molecules were combined with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) NaYF4:Yb,Er with a novel strategy. The hydrophobic UCNPs were modified with amphiphilic silane, utilizing the hydrophobic chain of the silane to bind to the hydrophobic groups of the UCNPs through a hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction, and the Ce6 molecules were loaded in this hydrophobic layer. This achieves both the conversion of the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic surface and the loading of the oily photosensitizer molecules. Because the excitation position of the Ce6 molecule is in the red region, Mn ions were doped to enhance red light, and thus the improved PDT function. This Ce6 loaded UCNPs composites with efficient red upconversion luminescence show remarkable bacteriological therapeutic effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum and the corresponding biofilms under 980 nm irradiation, indicating a high application prospect in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Keywords: upconversion nanoparticles; antibacterial photodynamic therapy; photosensitizer; manganese ion; periodontitis 1. Introduction With the changes in human living habits, periodontal disease has become the "top chronic killer" in oral diseases [1]. Periodontal treatment includes surgical and non-surgical methods. Underarm treatment and root smoothing can provide more recovery of the operation area, which, however, may also cause the additional risks of bleeding, pain, and infection in the patients’ gums during the treatments, increasing patient discomfort [2]. In recent years, non-surgical methods have attracted more and more attention, with an aim to avoid the above problems in controlling and treating periodontal disease. Photodynamic therapy is one of the most important non-surgical treatment methods, combining special photosensitizers with bio-optical techniques. This phototherapy method in dentistry, also known as antimicrobial PDT (aPDT), displays efficient bactericidal performance for oral pathogens [3]. With the emergence of drug-resistant strains due to the abuse of antibiotics and bacterial mutations, aPDT becomes especially important. The basic principles of photodynamic therapy are as Molecules 2019, 24, 2692; doi:10.3390/molecules24152692 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

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