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applied sciences Article The Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Using Chlorophyllin–Phycocyanin Mixture on Enterococcus faecalis: The Influence of Different Light Sources Nasim Chiniforush 1,2, Maryam Pourhajibagher 3, Steven Parker 2 , Stefano Benedicenti 2 , Abbas Bahador 4, Tudor Sălăgean 5,* and Ioana Roxana Bordea 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 * Correspondence: tudor.salagean@usamvcluj.ro Received: 11 May 2020; Accepted: 19 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020 Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran 1441987566, Iran; n-chiniforush@farabi.tums.ac.ir Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; thewholetooth@easynet.co.uk (S.P.); stefano.benedicenti@unige.it (S.B.) Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1441987566, Iran; mphb65@yahoo.com Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1441987566, Iran; abahador@sina.tums.ac.ir Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, Iuliu Hat, ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; bordea.ioana@umfcluj.ro Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of the chlorophyllin–phycocyanin mixture (Photoactive+) as a photosensitizer (PS) during antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the count of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) using different light sources. The antimicrobial effect of aPDT with chlorophyllin–phycocyanin mixture using different light sources including diode laser (λ = 660 nm), diode laser (λ = 635 nm), LED (λ = 450 ± 30 nm) alone or in combination was assessed using microbial cell viability assay against E. faecalis. In addition, the cell cytotoxicity of Photoactive+ was assessed on human gingival fibroblast (HuGu) cells by MTT assay; E. faecalis growth when treated by both red wavelengths (635 nm, 660 nm) and combination of LED (420–480 nm) and red wavelengths (635 nm, 660 nm), significantly reduced compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant reduction in the number of viable cells exposed to Photoactive+ compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This study shows that the application of chlorophyllin–phycocyanin mixture and irradiation with emission of red light achieved a better result for bacterial count reduction, compared to a control. This component can be applied safely due to very negligible cytotoxicity. Keywords: chlorophyllin–phycocyanin mixture; diode laser; LED; Enterococcus faecalis; cell cytotoxicity 1. Introduction The complete elimination of microorganisms from root canal space is mandatory to increase the success rate of endodontic treatment [1]. Among different bacteria found in the root canal, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) has significant implication in secondary endodontic infections, due to its tolerance of harsh conditions [2]. Bacterial reduction within the root canal system is commonly attempted through the use of mechanical preparation and chemical irrigants [3] and adjunctive use of Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4290; doi:10.3390/app10124290 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsciPDF Image | Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Chlorophyllin–Phycocyanin
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