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Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram showing the absorption of red and NIR light by specific cellular chro- mophores or photoacceptors localized in the mitochondrial respiratory chain tissue penetration of light is maximized. This optical window runs approximately from 650 nm to 1200 nm. (Figure 2). The absorption and scattering of light in tissue are both much higher in the blue region of the spectrum than the red, because the principle tissue chromophores (hemoglobin and melanin) have high absorption bands at shorter wave- lengths, tissue scattering of light is higher at shorter wavelengths, and fur- thermore water strongly absorbs infrared light at wavelengths greater than 1100-nm. Therefore the use of LLLT in animals and patients almost exclusively involves red and near-infrared light (600-1100-nm) (Karu and Afanas’eva 1995). Phototherapy is characterized by its ability to induce photobiological processes in cells. Exact action spectra are needed for determination of photoacceptors as well as for further investigations into cellular mecha- nisms of phototherapy. The action spectrum shows which specific wave- length of light is most effectively used in a specific chemical reaction (Karu and Kolyakov 2005). The fact that defined action spectra can be construct- ed for various cellular responses confirms the first law of photobiology described above (light absorption by specific molecular chromophores). 2.3. Mitochondrial Respiration and ATP Current research about the mechanism of LLLT effects inevitably involves mitochondria. Mitochondria play an important role in energy generation and metabolism. Mitochondria are sometimes described asPDF Image | BIPHASIC DOSE RESPONSE IN LOW LEVEL LIGHT THERAPY
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