BIPHASIC DOSE RESPONSE IN LOW LEVEL LIGHT THERAPY

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BIPHASIC DOSE RESPONSE IN LOW LEVEL LIGHT THERAPY ( biphasic-dose-response-in-low-level-light-therapy )

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Y.-Y. Huang and others FIGURE 2. Absorption spectra of the main chromophores in living tissue on a log scale showing the optical window where visible and NIR light can penetrate deepest into tissue. “cellular power plants”, because they convert food molecules into energy in the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylation (see Figure 3 for an illustartion of the mitochondrial respiratory chain). The mechanism of LLLT at the cellular level has been attributed to the absorption of monochromatic visible and NIR radiation by compo- nents of the cellular respiratory chain (Karu 1989). Several pieces of evi- dence suggest that mitochondria are responsible for the cellular response to red visible and NIR light. The effects of HeNe laser and other illumi- nation on mitochondria isolated from rat liver, have included increased proton electrochemical potential, more ATP synthesis (Passarella et al. 1984), increased RNA and protein synthesis (Greco et al. 1989) and increases in oxygen consumption, membrane potential, and enhanced synthesis of NADH and ATP. 2.4. Cytochrome c oxidase and nitric oxide release Absorption spectra obtained for cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) in dif- ferent oxidation states were recorded and found to be very similar to the action spectra for biological responses to light (Karu and Kolyakov 2005). Therefore it was proposed that Cox is the primary photoacceptor for the red-NIR range in mammalian cells (Karu and Kolyakov 2005). Nitric oxide produced in the mitochondria can inhibit respiration by binding to Cox and competitively displacing oxygen, especially in stressed

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