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Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy FIGURE 7. Beneficial tissue effects of LLLT can include almost all the tissues and organs of the body. 3. REVIEW OF BIPHASIC DOSE RESPONSES IN LLLT 3.1. Dose dependence and dose rate effects—the biphasic curve A biphasic response has been demonstrated many times in LLLT research (Lanzafame et al. 2007; Oron et al. 2001a) and the “Arndt-Schulz Law” is frequently quoted as a suitable model to describe dose dependent effects of LLLT (Chow et al. 2006; Hawkins and Abrahamse 2006a; Hawkins and Abrahamse 2006b; Lubart et al. 2006; Sommer et al. 2001). The concept of the Arndt-Schulz Law dates from the years around the end of the nineteenth century, when H. Schulz published a series of papers that examined the activity of various kinds of poisons (iodine, bromine, mercuric chloride, arsenious acid, etc.) on yeast, showing that almost all these agents have a slightly stimulatory effect on the yeast metabolism when given in low doses (Schulz 1877; Schulz 1888). He then came into contact with the psychiatrist R. Arndt and together they devel- oped a principle that later became known as the ‘Arndt-Schulz law’, stat- ing that weak stimuli slightly accelerate vital activity, stronger stimuli raise it further, but a peak is reached and even stronger stimuli suppress it, until a negative response is finally achieved (Martius 1923). In 1960 Townsend and Luckey surveyed the field of classic medical pharmacolo- gy and published a list of 100 substances known to be capable of causing an inhibition at high concentrations and stimulation at low concentra- tions and termed the phenomenon “hormoligosis” (Townsend and Luckey 1960). The modern term “hormesis” was first used by Stebbing in 1982 (Stebbing 1982) and has been thoroughly reviewed by Calabrese (Calabrese 2001b; Calabrese 2002; Calabrese 2004a; Calabrese 2004b; Calabrese 2005).PDF Image | BIPHASIC DOSE RESPONSE IN LOW LEVEL LIGHT THERAPY
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