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Y-Y. Huang and others FIG. 2. One possible theory that can explain the simultaneous increase in respiration an production of nitric oxide is the photodissociation of bound NO that is inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase by dis- placing oxygen. NO production is by light-mediated increase of the nitrite reductase activ- ity of cytochrome c oxidase (Lane 2006). A third possibility is that light can cause increase of the activity of an isoform of nitric oxide synthase (Poyton and Ball 2011), possibly by increasing intracellular calcium lev- els. This low concentration of NO produced by illumination is proposed to be beneficial through cell-signaling pathways (Ball et al. 2011). BIPHASIC DOSE RESPONSES IN LLLT Many reports of biphasic dose responses in LLLT were reviewed in our previous contribution and for convenience we have assembled these reports into Tables. Table 1 lists reports on cultured cells in vitro, Table 2 lists those reports in animal models in vivo, while Table 3 contains the only report of biphasic dose response in clinical studies. Figure 3 shows a 3D depiction of the Arndt Schulz model to illustrate a possible dose “sweet spot” at the target tissue. This graph suggests that insufficient power density or too short a time will have no effect on the pathology, that too much power density and / or time may have inhibito- ry effects and that there may be an optimal balance between power den- sity and time that produces a maximal beneficial effect. There even may be a (low) power density for which infinite irradiation time would only have positive effects and no inhibitory effect. We believe that the absolute figures will be different at different wavelengths, tissue types, redox states, and may be affected further by different pulse parameters. 606PDF Image | BIPHASIC DOSE RESPONSE IN LOW LEVEL LIGHT THERAPY AN UPDATE
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