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Plants 2019, 8, 93 4 of 12 version 17. The results were expressed as mean values and their standard errors (SE) using MS Excel software. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Effect of Different Combinations of Red and Blue Light on the Plant Growth Characteristics 3.1.1. Plant Height and Growth Features The different percentages of R and B LEDs showed great influence on plant height and growth features (Table 1, Figure 1). Overall, the 100% R light condition increased the plant height of all cultured plants except pepper. The plant height of the pepper plant increased in the 95% R + 5% B light treatment. However, it was shown that the plant height decreased with the increasing percentage of B LEDs in lettuce and kale. The significantly decreased plant height of kale and pepper was observed under the treatment of 83% R + 17% B LEDs, as well as an observed reduced plant height of lettuce under the 95% R + 5% B LEDs. On the contrary, the different percentages of R and B LEDs did not show any significant influence on the plant height of spinach and basil. Regarding the morphological features, all studied plant species had a compact leaf arrangement with dark green colour and small petioles when grown under the 91% R with 9% B light treatment, whereas plants grown under a higher R light fraction had pale green coloured spread leaves with long petioles. It was also observed that the pigmentation of the pepper fruit was not developed under the 100% R light. Moreover, the desired fruit shape and size was obtained under the 91% R + 9% B light treatment (Figure 1). Table 1. Plant response of selected vegetable crops to a different percentage of R and B LEDs. Plants Lettuce Spinach Kale Basil Pepper Treatments 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 Plant Height (cm) 19.52 ± 2.98 ab 19.33 ± 4.23 ab 18.17 ± 4.62 b 24.33 ± 2.50 a 3.68 31.35 ± 3.59 a 35.6 ± 3.32 a 29.83 ± 2.93 a 35.17 ± 6.88 a 4.47 46.05 ± 1.79 b 46.43 ± 2.82 b 47.38 ± 1.51 ab 51.63 ± 4.95 a 3.08 45.68 ± 3.99 a 47.33 ± 4.34 a 48.05 ± 5.76 a 51.12 ± 4.48 a 4.69 467.48 ± 6.6 c 492.27 ± 6.1 b 568.33 ± 6.7 a 459.42 ± 4.7 c 6.1 Leaf No/Plant 30.33 ± 5.54 a 26.67 ± 3.27 a 25.50 ± 3.01 a 24.67 ± 4.13 a 4.11 66.67 ± 9.71 a 72.5 ± 8.06 a 69.17 ± 5.63 a 36.33 ± 9.09 b 8.27 27.83 ± 2.92 a 28.83 ± 2.04 a 28.17 ± 2.14 a 29.17 ± 1.94 a 2.29 101.83 ± 2.78 ab 107.5 ± 9.20 a 103.67 ± 7.34 a 90.5 ± 10.42 b 7.98 183.39 ± 8.4 b 191.61 ± 6.5 b 215.37 ± 3.6 a 161.39 ± 5.0 c 6.1 Fresh Mass/Plant (g) 70.85 ± 5.83 ab 78.45 ± 10.21 a 72.52 ± 7.80 ab 64.82 ± 8.05 b 8.12 63.73 ± 6.36 ab 68.73 ± 6.87 a 65.25 ± 3.43 a 47.7 ± 12.09 b 7.84 109.78 ± 9.99 b 185.6 ± 6.56 a 189.95 ± 7.32 a 85.45 ± 9.98 c 8.61 41.2 ± 8.82 ab 44.23 ± 3.58 a 42.92 ± 3.22 ab 32.68 ± 9.63 b 6.96 650.88 ± 8.8 c 683.89 ± 7.5 b 783.71 ± 6.1 a 620.82 ± 7.2 d 7.5 Dry Mass/Plant (g) 10.45 ± 1.14 ab 12.28 ± 3.52 a 9.15 ± 1.05 a 6.95 ± 0.85 b 1.97 9.88 ± 1.09 ab 12.13 ± 2.7 a 11.35 ± 0.50 ab 8.45 ± 2.9 b 2.01 26.21 ± 3.34 a 28.11 ± 4.12 a 29.71 ± 3.24 a 19.76 ± 3.67 b 3.61 10.13 ± 0.73 ab 13.45 ± 3.22 a 11.95 ± 3.54 ab 9.37 ± 1.19 b 2.49 218.37 ± 4.5 b 305.49 ± 4.9 a 197.03 ± 4.5 c 183.67 ± 4.9 d 4.7 Mean separation within columns by the DMRT test at the 5% significant level. (n = 6). Values labelled with different letters in a column are significantly different (p < 0.05). p ≤ 0.05 different from control (100% R) using Tukey’s (Tukey Simultaneous 95% CIs) least significant difference (LSD) test.PDF Image | Blue Light added with Red LEDs Enhance Growth Characteristics
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