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morphological features, all studied plant species had a compact leaf arrangement with dark green colour and small petioles when grown under the 91% R with 9% B light treatment, whereas plants grown under a higher R light fraction had pale green coloured spread leaves with long petioles. It was also observed that the pigmentation of the pepper fruit was not developed under the 100% R light. Moreover, the desired fruit shape and size was obtained under the 91% R + 9% B light treatment Plants 2019, 8, 93 5 of 12 (Figure 1). Figure 1. Morphological features of different plant species grown under various ratios of R and B light. Figure 1. Morphological features of different plant species grown under various ratios of R and B light Light quality regulates plant growth through various photoreceptors, which stimulate signal transduction systems by various mechanisms to change plant morphology [29]. In the present study, the plant height of all plants increased with increasing R light and the highest plant height was observed under the treatment of 100% R LEDs except for spinach and basil. The plant height of spinach and basil did not show any significant difference among the treatments. It has been reported that plants under 100% R light have increased plant height [30,31]. Previously, pepper plants grown under the 100% R light showed greater plant heights than under the 10% B with 90% R light [32]. Similarly, cherry tomato plants grown under 100% R light showed greater plant heights than plants grown under 50% B with 50% R light [33]. The photoreceptor cryptochromes are responsible for the inhibition of plant height and have maximal activity when stimulated with B light [34,35]. In this study, 449 nm was the peak wavelength of the B LEDs, which is within the range of maximal activity of the cryptochrome. Therefore, the inhibition of plant height with the increase of B LEDs is likely attributed to the stimulated cryptochrome photoreceptor. 3.1.2. Leaf Number It was observed that different percentages of R and B LEDs had an influence on the plant leaf number (Table 1). In spinach and basil, a significantly higher leaf number was observed under the treatment of 91% R with 9% B LEDs than the treatment of 100% R LEDs. In pepper, a significantly higher leaf number was observed under the treatment of 95% R with 5% B LEDs in comparison with 100% R LEDs. In this study, the different percentages of R and B LEDs showed a significant influence on the leaf number of spinach, basil, and pepper, but not lettuce and kale. A previous study showed no differences in the leaf number in cucumber under different ratios of R and B light [36]. The effect of different percentages of R and B LEDs on the leaf number is plant species dependent.PDF Image | Blue Light added with Red LEDs Enhance Growth Characteristics
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