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Plants 2019, 8, 93 8 of 12 Table 2. The effect of different percentages of red (R) and blue (B) LEDs on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content in vegetable crops. Plants Lettuce Spinach Kale Basil Pepper Treatments 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 83%R+17%B 91% R + 9% B 95% R + 5% B 100% R LSD < 0.05 chl a (μg g−1 DM) 555.69 ± 6.4 b 600.51 ± 5.8 a 554.67 ± 4.62 b 515.89 ± 3.9 5.3 566.61 ± 589.35 ± 597.16 ± 465.68 ± 6.9 578.39 ± 671.45 ± 702.74 ± 556.13 ± 6.5 573.27 ± 644.42 ± 618.73 ± 524.52 ± 5.8 573.27 ± 644.42 ± 618.73 ± 524.52 ± 5.8 chl b (μg g−1 DM) 177.46 ± 6.2 c 199.88 ± 6.8 a 188.86 ± 5.9 b 145.48 ± 6.1 d 6.2 164.46 ± 6.2 b 188.88 ± 6.8 a 162.86 ± 5.9 b 137.48 ± 6.1 d 6.2 203.37 ±7.2 c 226.65 ±8.0 b 265.65 ±7.1 a 201.13 ±5.6 c 7.0 190.06 ± 4.1 b 215.35 ± 6.7 a 201.51 ± 10.7 b 162.32 ± 5.3 c 7.1 190.06 ± 4.1 b 215.35 ± 6.7 a 201.51 ± 10.7 b 162.32 ± 5.3 c 7.1 Total chl (μg g−1 DM) 733.14 ± 8.1 b 800.39 ± 9.6 a 743.53 ± 9.8 b 661.38 ± 3.9 c 8.2 730.14 ± 8.1 b 777.39 ± 9.6 a 759.53 ± 9.8 b 602.38 ± 3.9 c 8.2 781.77 ± 9.2 c 898.09 ± 7.1 b 968.39 ± 8.8 a 757.26 ± 5.4 d 7.8 763.34 ± 5.3 c 859.77 ± 3.3 a 820.24 ± 8.3 b 686.85 ± 9.3 d 6.9 763.34 ± 5.3 c 859.77 ± 3.3 a 820.24 ± 8.3 b 686.85 ± 9.3 d 6.9 Carotenoids (μg g−1 DM) 201.96 ± 4.8 a 208.02 ± 5.6 a 181.85 ± 3.9 b 151.72 ± 7.5 c 5.5 221.96 ± 4.8 a 219.96 ± 4.8 a 171.85 ± 3.9 b 163.72 ± 7.5 c 5.5 293.13 ± 6.5 a 271.16 ± 5.4 b 261.23 ± 4.9 b 223.28 ± 7.9 c 6.3 316.67 ± 9.1 a 295.92 ± 3.9 b 269.96 ± 6.1 c 171.42 ± 8.1 d 7.3 316.67 ± 9.1 a 295.92 ± 3.9 b 269.96 ± 6.1 c 171.42 ± 8.1 d 7.3 5.1 b 7.6 a 7.8 a 6.9 c 8.3 c 4.9 b 7.6 a 4.2 d 5.1 c 5.6 a 7.1 b 5.4 d 5.1 c 5.6 a 7.1 b 5.4 d Mean separation within columns by the DMRT test at the 5% significant level. (n = 6). Values labelled with different letters in a column are significantly different (p < 0.05). p ≤ 0.05 different from control (100% R) using Tukey’s (Tukey Simultaneous 95% CIs) least significant difference (LSD) test. Different combinations of R and B LEDs had a great influence on the carotenoid accumulation in plants (Table 2). The accumulation of carotenoids in lettuce, spinach, and pepper was significantly increased by the 91% R + 9% B treatment. Whereas, in kale and basil, the accumulation of carotenoids was significantly increased in the 83% R + 17% B treatment. In lettuce, spinach, and pepper, carotenoid accumulation was 1.4, 1.4, and 1.6 times higher when plants were cultured under the 91% R with 9% B treatment, respectively, compared to the 100% R treatment. The carotenoid accumulation in kale and basil was 1.3 and 1.8 times higher when plants were cultured under the 83% R with 17% B treatment, respectively, compared to the 100% R treatment. The primary effect of B light on chl biosynthesis has been reported in previous studies [9,42]. An earlier study showed that the total chl content increased in the chili pepper under the combination of R and B light compared with monochromatic R or B LEDs [17]. Studies have reported an increase in chl content under B LEDs in lettuce [14,43]. In contrast, other studies have reported a decrease in chl concentration in kale and sprouting broccoli under B LED treatment [21,44]. Hogewoning et al. [9] found that the increase of chl content per leaf of cucumber occurred with the increase of B light up to a 50% B + 50% R treatment. Those findings were supported by the results of the current study. The present study shows that the chl a, chl b, and total chl accumulation in lettuce and basil increased in the 9% B with 91% R treatment. Whereas, chl a, chl b, and total chl accumulation in spinach, kale, and pepper was increased by the 5% B with 95% R treatment. This finding indicates that different species respond differently to light quality. To promote the photosynthetic process, both B and RPDF Image | Blue Light added with Red LEDs Enhance Growth Characteristics
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