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Plants 2019, 8, 93 10 of 12 the activity of light signal transduction LeHY5 and LeCOP1LIKE genes influence light signalling and stimulate pigmentation and nutritional value, which might eventually positively affect the antioxidant capacity of the plant. Yang et al. [54] demonstrated that LeHY5 and LeCOP1LIKE genes are induced by B light mediated signals similar to CRY1. In the current study, the increased antioxidant capacity can be explained on the basis of the pigment content under the higher B light treatment. These findings also suggest that a combination of R and B LEDs plays a vital role in stimulating antioxidant accumulation in vegetable crops. 4. Conclusions In conclusion, the 100% R LED treatment was effective in stimulating plant height in lettuce, kale, and pepper, but not in spinach and basil; however, the 100% R LED treatment had a negative impact on the biomass, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, and antioxidant levels in lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, and pepper. B mixed with R light, ranging from 5% to 9%, enhanced biomass and total chlorophyll accumulation in lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, and pepper. The B light addition ranging from 9% to 17% with R LEDs stimulated carotenoid contents and antioxidant levels. Our results demonstrate that an appropriate percentage of R and B LEDs can be used to enhance growth, pigment contents, and antioxidant activity in vegetables. Author Contributions: M.T.N. conducted the experiment, analysed the data, and drafted manuscript, M.O.K.A. and V.G. revised and improved the manuscript, M.L. supervised the research. Funding: This research was funded by the Fonds de recherche du Québec–Nature et technologies, Quebec, Canada. Grant number 174814. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Fonds de recherche du Québec-Nature et technologies (FRQNT), Canada. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Kopsell, D.A.; Kopsell, D.E. Genetic and environmental factors affecting plant lutein/zeaxanthin. Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech 2008, 19, 44–46. 2. Hopkins, W.G.; Huner, N.P.A. Introduction to Plant Physiology, 3rd ed.; John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004. 3. Ramalho, J.C.; Marques, N.C.; Semedo, J.N.; Matos, M.C.; Quartin, V.L. Photosynthetic performance and pigment composition of leaves from two tropical species is determined by light quality. Plant Biol. 2002, 4, 112–120. [CrossRef] 4. Li, H.; Tang, C.; Xu, Z.; Liu, X.; Han, X. Effects of different light sources on thegrowth of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.). J. Agric. Sci. 2012, 4, 262–270. 5. Olle, M.; Virsile ̇, A. The effects of light-emitting diode lighting on greenhouse plant growth and quality. Agric. Food Sci. 2013, 22, 223–234. [CrossRef] 6. Morrow, R.C. LED lighting in horticulture. HortScience 2008, 43, 1947–1950. [CrossRef] 7. Da ̨browski, P.; Cetner, M.D.; Samborska, I.A.; Kalaji, M.H. Measuring light spectrum as a main indicator of artificial sources quality. J. Coast. Life Med. 2015, 308, 400–406. 8. Yeh, N.; Chung, J.P. High-brightness LEDs- Energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2009, 13, 2175–2180. [CrossRef] 9. Hogewoning, S.W.; Trouwborst, G.; Maljaars, H.; Poorter, H.; van Ieperen, W.; Harbinson, J. Blue light dose–responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. J. Exp. Bot. 2010, 61, 3107–3117. [CrossRef] 10. Matsuda, R.; Ohashi-kaneko, K.; Fujiwara, K.; Kurata, K. Analysis of the relationship between blue-light photon flux density and the photosynthetic properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves with regard to the acclimation of photosynthesis to growth irradiance. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2007, 53, 459–465. [CrossRef] 11. Savvides, A.D.; Fanourakis, D.; van Ieperen, W. Co-ordination of hydraulic and stomatal conductances across light qualities in cucumber leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63, 1135–1143. [CrossRef] [PubMed]PDF Image | Blue Light added with Red LEDs Enhance Growth Characteristics
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