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Evening hyperphagia was first proposed by Stunkard in 1955 and was reconfirmed by O’Reardon and colleagues (2004) who compared the sleep and eating patterns of obese individuals suffering with night eating syndrome to weight-matched controls. After monitoring behavior through actigraphy and food diaries for 7 days, they found people with night eating syndrome had significantly different eating patterns. The NES group demonstrated a delay in food intake and a consumption of three times more food after the evening meal than the control group (35% vs. 10%) (O’Reardon & Ringel et al., 2004). A similar pattern of food intake has been documented in non-obese persons with NES compared to weight-matched controls (Lundgren et al., 2008). Birketvedt, Florholmen, & Sundsfjord (1999) also observed that night eaters had significantly different eating patterns than healthy controls. Delay in food consumption was observed and 74% of caloric intake was consumed by the night eaters after 6 pm vs. 37% in the healthy controls. Furthermore, night eaters consumed significantly greater amounts of food (56% of daily calories) from 8:00 pm to 6:00 am when compared to the controls (15% of daily calories.) Some cultural concerns exist around the construct of evening hyperphagia, and the arbitrary timing of the “evening meal” has been challenged because some cultures eat later in the day. For example, in Mediterranean cultures lunches and dinners are usually eaten at later hours of the day in comparison to northern Europe (Bellisle, 2009). However, the evening meal has been demonstrated over the years to be a helpful cutoff criterion for categorizing excessive nighttime eating. If all other criteria are absent, a person would not receive a diagnosis of NES simply based on cultural differences in meal times (Allison et al., 2009). 4PDF Image | BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY FOR late NIGHT EATING SYNDRome
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