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In a study by Sassaroli and colleagues (2009), differences in nocturnal and diurnal anxiety was examined in persons with BED only, NES only, and a group of persons with both NES and BED. Each group was administered the Self Rating Anxiety Scale, Sleep Disturbance Scale (SDS), and the NEQ. Results indicated different patterns of anxiety between persons with BED and NES, supporting the idea that these are two distinct disorders. Specifically, in persons with NES, levels of evening hyperphagia, mood disturbance, and sleep disturbance were only correlated to their nocturnal anxiety; not with diurnal (i.e., throughout the day) anxiety. Conversely, in persons with BED, nocturnal overeating was correlated with diurnal (daytime) anxiety and not nocturnal anxiety. Persons struggling with both NES and BED had the most severe disturbances of anxiety (Sassaroli et al., 2009). Depressed Mood Depressed mood has been associated with NES since its introduction (Stunkard et al., 1955) and is currently listed as C criterion in the research diagnostic criteria for NES (Allison et al., 2010). Studies have corroborated the relationship between depressed mood and NES. For example, Birkevedt et al. (1999) found that the mood of people with NES steadily decreased after 4:00 pm, while no change in mood was observed in the control group throughout the day (p < .001). Ultimately, the mood of night eaters was significantly lower at night than in healthy controls (p < .001). Gluck, Geliebter, and Satov (2001) compared overweight persons with NES seeking weight loss treatment to overweight persons without NES. They found that people with NES had higher rates of depression (p = .04) and lower ratings of self-esteem (p < .01) in comparison to those without NES. In a study comparing people with either binge eating disorder (N = 177) or NES (N = 68) to an overweight control group (N = 45) without either diagnosis, depressive symptoms were found to be greater in the BED and NES groups relative to the control 9PDF Image | BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY FOR late NIGHT EATING SYNDRome
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