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and there is evidence that exercise and temperature can also synchronize circadian rhythms (Vitaterna, Takahashi, & Turek, 2001). Circadian rhythms are believed to be regulated by the brain, specifically the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and other organs in the body such as the liver, gut, pancreas, fat and muscles (Silva et al., 2010). The mechanisms through which light and food affect circadian rhythms are referred to as light entrained oscillators (LEO) and food entrained oscillators (FEO), respectively. LEO and FEO operate in synchrony to promote eating behavior during normal times during the light/dark cycle (Lundgren, Boston, & Noble, 2012). Thus, a shift in normal circadian rhythms can occur when the LEO and FEO are not synchronized, resulting in eating during times when sleeping/fasting typically occurs. This change occurs at the cellular level (Turek et al., 2005). Disruption of Circadian Rhythms in Animals Circadian rhythms in animals have been investigated since the early 1970’s. Over the last forty years, animal research has allowed identification of genetic mutations that affect disruption of circadian rhythms. Initial research took place with the fruit fly (Konopka & Benzer, 1971) and eventually moved to mice (Vitaterna et al., 1994; Vitaterna et al., 2001; Walter-Smith & Kay, 2000). Clock, the first mammalian circadian gene, was discovered in mice (Vitaterna et al., 2001) and further research has identified additional circadian genes that, when mutated, result in the loss of circadian rhythm, reduction of amplitude, as well as lengthening and shortening of period (Vitaterna et al, 2001;). Research with Clock mutant mice helped further the understanding of dysregulated circadian rhythm and its impact on health (Turek et al., 2005). During the 24-hour light/dark cycle, mice are typically active during the dark phase and sleep during the light phase. When compared to wild-type mice, however, the Clock mutant mice are more active during the light 11PDF Image | BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY FOR late NIGHT EATING SYNDRome
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