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Behavioral and Biological Evidence for Circadian Disruption in NES Circadian Rhythm in NES: Behavior Birketvedt and colleagues (1999) demonstrated circadian delayed eating behaviors in persons with NES compared to weight matched controls of in a carefully controlled clinical setting. To investigate differences in behavioral characteristics, 10 obese individuals who met criteria for NES and 10 matched controls were observed for one week in an outpatient setting. Significant differences between the two groups indicating distinct behavioral markers in night eaters were found. For example, the night eaters had more eating episodes in 24-hours (M = 9.3, SD = 0.6) compared to the control group, (M = 4.2, SD = 0.2, p<.001). The night eating group demonstrated evening hyperphagia, whereby 56% of their food intake was consumed at night after 6:00 pm versus 15% in the control group (p <.001). The night eating group (M = 3.6, SD = 0.9) also reported significantly more awakenings per night than the control group (M = 0.3, SD = 0.3, p <.001). Most interestingly, in the night eating group 52% of nocturnal awakenings resulted in ingestions of food compared to 0% in the control group. These findings by Birketvedt and colleagues (1999) offered the first behavioral markers for NES that were observed and tested in a laboratory setting. O’Reardon, Ringel, and colleagues (2004) examined eating and sleep patterns in individuals suffering with NES. Specifically, they examined 7-days of self-report food and sleep diaries and sleep patterns measured through actigraphy. Participants included forty-six overweight/obese persons with NES and 43 control subjects. Results did not indicate significant differences in actual caloric consumption between the two groups, however, significant differences in the pattern of intake were observed. The NES group consumed 3-times as many calories after the evening meal in comparison to the control group. As with total caloric 13PDF Image | BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY FOR late NIGHT EATING SYNDRome
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