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significant differences between night eaters and controls on any other hormone (Allison et al., 2005). Goel and colleagues (2009) have suggested that chronobiological treatments such as bright light therapy could be helpful in treating individuals with NES. They base this recommendation on their 2009 study that examined the neuroendocrine circadian rhythms in persons with NES. Participants included15 women with NES and 14 weight-matched control subjects who spend 3 nights in a laboratory setting. Daily food intake was recorded along blood- glucose levels, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, melatonin, cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin through blood draws. Blood samples were collected and analyzed over a 25-hour period. Specifically, blood samples were taken every hour from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm and every 2-hours between 9:00 and 9:00 am. The control group demonstrated normal circadian rhythm patterns. In comparison, the NES group showed significant delays in timing of meals and consumption of caloric and carbohydrate intake. Blood results showed that the NES group also had 1-2.8 hour delays in leptin and insulin, which both aid in the regulation of food. They also demonstrated a delay in melatonin rhythms. Interestingly, the hormone largely responsible for hunger (ghrelin) was phase advanced by 5.2 hours in comparison to the healthy control group (Goel et al., 2009). Overall, the NES group had abnormal circadian rhythms of food intake, cortisol, ghrelin, and insulin, with increased TSH amplitude, in comparison to controls. These are significant changes in behavioral and biological circadian rhythm that are associated with appetite and neoroendocrine regulation (Goel et al., 2009). The studies reviewed above provide significant evidence that the circadian rhythm of food intake, and associated biological processes, are disrupted in NES. Treatment for NES is underdeveloped compared to other health conditions, and the behavioral and pharmacotherapy 16PDF Image | BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY FOR late NIGHT EATING SYNDRome
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