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Limitations This study had several limitations. First, this study had a small sample size that was comprised of primarily Caucasian women. Thus, it is unknown whether these results would replicate outside of this demographic group. Second, participants were asked to keep food records which may have had an impact on their food intake. Research indicates eating behavior can be altered as a result of self-monitoring because it increases an individual’s awareness of their eating behavior and the circumstances that surround the behavior (Waden, Crerand, & Brock, 2005) Self-monitoring is also strongly related to weight loss and weight maintenance (Baker & Kirschenbaum, 1998; Baker & Kirschenbaum, 1993; Guare et al., 1989). Due to these effects, participants may have experienced a change in eating behaviors as a result of self- monitoring alone. Self-regulation, however, does not have the same effect on mood and sleep improvement as is does with eating behavior. This indicates BLT may improve outcomes beyond the benefits of self-regulation associated with monitoring food intake. Third, this study did not include a control group which prevents a comparison between a treatment group and a group that did not receive BLT. A control group would provide an enhanced understanding if BLT is an effective intervention for NES, specifically it would be important to use a 3-arm design (active, usual care, and wait-list control) to determine efficacy (Kinser & Robins, 2012). Alternatively, sham light therapy could have been used as a control (this is a better option that the 3 arm option because 1) there is no usual care for NES and 2) a wait list control might not be justified when there is a viable placebo option. Finally, there are possible intervention effects in this study. Specifically, by enrolling in this study, participants were provided attention and a proposed treatment from a health care professional for a condition that is not widely recognized. Individuals with NES have often struggled with symptoms in 54PDF Image | BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY FOR late NIGHT EATING SYNDRome
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