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2 whole while establishing a deeper understanding of connective tissue biology that will be transferable to future researchers and end-users. This chapter of the review of the literature will be divided into 3 subsections. It will begin some of the basic principles of OTM at the cellular, molecular and clinical levels. Next, the concept of phototherapy from both lasers and LEDs will be discussed at the cellular, tissue, animal, human and OTM levels. Finally, a premise for the use of LED phototherapy in OTM will be described and the hypothesis of the study stated. 1.2 Orthodontic Tooth Movement - Biological Concepts The phenomenon of OTM relies on bone remodelling, similar to the constant renewal of the skeleton as first described by Frost (1963). During OTM, the application of forces create compression and tension zones in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and surrounding alveolar bone to produce bone metabolic changes. Thus, these are potential targets of biological modulation of OTM. There are two generally accepted theories to describe the series of events that result in tooth movement: The Piezoelectric Theory and the Pressure-Tension Theory (Graber et al., 2012; Proffit et al., 2007; Meikle et al., 2006; Zengo et al., 1973). It is generally accepted that a force applied to teeth causes some degree of bone bending due to the viscoelastic nature of the PDL. The Piezoelectric Theory describes that, at the macroscopic level, bone bending is associated with the creation of streaming potentials as ionic flow in the crystalline structure of the bone is produced through the bending and relaxation of the bone. In addition to these electrical currents, the Pressure-Tension Theory describes the distortion of the PDL andPDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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