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11 Sommer et al., 2001). These findings have prompted the use of lasers alone or in combination with traditional therapeutic approaches in periodontics, oral surgery, endodontics, and restorative procedures, and more recently, orthodontics (Walsh, 2003). Clinical benefits that have been described with the use of LLLT include the reduction of post-surgical and post-orthodontic adjustment pain and gingival health, improvements in post surgical healing times, antimicrobial effects and the ability to reduce dentinal sensitivity (Bicakci et al., 2012; Doshi-Mehta and Bhad-Patil, 2012; Esper et al., 2011; Bashardoust Tajali et al., 2010; de Paula Eduardo et al., 2010; Xiaoting et al., 2010; Torammano et al., 2009; Fujiyama et al., 2008; Youssef et al., 2008; Turhani et al., 2006; Meguro et al., 2002; Harazaki et al., 1998; Luger et al., 1998; Saito and Shimizu, 1997; Lim et al., 1995). However, despite the recent recognition of phototherapy to produce biostimulatory effects, more clinical studies to discern the mechanism of action are needed (de Paula Eduardo et al., 2010). 1.6 The Role of Low Level Laser Therapy in Orthodontic Tooth Movement In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms behind biostimulation, in vitro experiments have shown that LLLT increases the number of osteoclasts (Aihara et al., 2006), fibroblasts (Vinck et al., 2003) and the rate of proliferation and DNA synthesis of clonal osteoblastic cells (Yamada, 1991) with such changes associated with increased pulp vascularity (Abi-Ramia et al., 2006), protease activity (Yamaguchi et al., 2010) and connective tissue (Kim et al., 2010) and bone turnover (Habib et al., 2010; Yoshida et al., 2009). Furthermore, LLLT has been found to result in increases in RANK expression (Fujita et al., 2008; Aihara et al., 2006), RANKL (Fujita et al., 2008), TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase - indicative of osteoclatsic activity) (Kawasaki et al., 2000), M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) and csf-1 (colonyPDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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