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12 stimulating factor-1) (Yamaguchi et al., 2007); implicating major involvement in signaling pathways of bone metabolism and OTM. Evidence of such implications have been shown in animal experiments where LLLT enhanced bone fracture healing (Bashardoust et al., 2010; Hadjiargyrou et al., 1998; Luger et al., 1998) and the rate of OTM (Habib et al., 2012; Goulart et al., 2006). These and other studies of similar nature have underwritten the potential for LLLT to influence OTM in humans. Although the effects of LLLT on OTM in humans are limited and mixed results, several studies (Table 1.2) have shown the effect of LLLT on OTM during canine retraction using a split-mouth design. There have been 2 reports citing no significant effect of LLLT on OTM. The lack of effect was cited as a result an incorrect phototherapy dose leading to reduced levels of arachadonic acid and PGE2, with subsequent reductions in osteoclastic activity and enhancement of osteoblastic activity. Despite no notable benefits on OTM, these studies demonstrated that there were no iatrogenic effects resulting from LLLT exposure (Kocoglu-Altan et al., 2009 Limpanichkul et al., 2006). Conversely, several studies have demonstrated positive effects of LLLT on OTM (Genc et al., 2012; Doshi-Mehta and Bhad-Patil, 2011; da Silva Sousa et al., 2009; Youssef et al., 2008; Cruz et al., 2004). The majority of these studies concluded that the application of LLLT increased the amount of OTM by approximately 15-95% during canine retraction in a split- mouth design over 1-4 months (Table 1.2). They also described no differences in root resorption or crestal bone loss associated with LLLT during OTM (Doshi-Mehta and Bhad- Patil, 2011; da Silva Sousa et al., 2009; Youssef et al., 2008; Cruz et al., 2004). Together, these studies illustrated that although the dose dependent effect of LLLT has not yet been determined, LLLT can affect bone metabolism and OTM at the cellular, animal and human levels without any harmful effects.PDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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