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2.3 Orthodontic Extraction space closure and extraction space size assessment Preparation for space closure Orthodontic treatment was delivered by Graduate Orthodontic residents who were previously informed of the design of the experiment. At times, orthodontic treatment proceeded routinely and was not altered to accommodate this clinical study. All patients underwent routine orthodontic therapy in preparation for extraction space closure. This preparation included the aligning and levelling of teeth (see Figure 2.1) such that space closure could be performed on stainless steel working wires of dimensions ≥ 0.018” OR ≥ 0.016’ x 0.022”. Space closure was conducted in a routine manner after working wires were passively in place for ≥ than 1 month. Figure 2.1 Preparation for extraction space closure. Prior to space closure, bilaterally symmetrical premolars were extracted. Subsequently, the teeth in the dental arch were aligned and leveled. The left image illustrates a starting malocclusion while the right image shows a typical dental arch ready to begin active space closure and the start of data collection. 18PDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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