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20 Extraction space measurements in duplicate were undertaken independently by 2 observers who were blinded to which side of the arch had received LED phototherapy. Therefore, a total of 4 measurements for each space were recorded. The extraction space size was defined as the interproximal distance, as measured by a horizontal line parallel to the archwire/archwire slot, between the mesial-most and distal-most surfaces of teeth distal and mesial, respectively, to the extraction space in both vertical and horizontal dimensions (Figure 2.3). That is, the millimetric measurements were taken with a high precision digital caliper (Tresna, model EC-10, ID 110-201, resolution 0.005mm, accuracy 0.025mm) which measured the two closest points between the crowns of the teeth ahead of and behind the extraction space (Figure 2.3). The rate of tooth movement for each patient was calculated by dividing the millimetric change in size of the extraction space by the total days for each time period. Figure 2.3 Extraction space measurements. All measurements were made without knowing which side of the dental arch had received LED phototherapy. A digital caliper was used to measure the extraction space. It was determined as the shortest distance between the mesial- and distal-most points (blue arrows and red lines) of teeth distal and mesial to the extraction space, respectively, when viewed from the buccal and occlusal perspectives. Measurements were taken with the caliper oriented parallel and perpendicular to the arch wire (yellow line).PDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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