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Chapter 3: RESULTS 3.1 Patient Sample A total of 220 patients were screened at the pre-experimental orthodontic phase that included routine orthodontic treatment with fixed edgewise appliance. Of these patients, only 37 presented with treatment plans requiring bilaterally symmetrical extractions of either first or second premolars. From this group, only 11 patients satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. These 11 patients had an average age of 16.07 (+/- 1.48) years and with a range of 13.96 – 17.75 years (Table 3.1). In 6 patients, both dental arches were included in the study whereas only one arch was included for the remaining 5 patients. As each dental arch was independent of each other, measurements were taken and analyzed on a total of 17 dental arches (N=17; 11 males and 6 females), with 9 maxillary and 8 mandibular arches. First premolars were extracted followed by canine retraction in 12 cases, whereas in the remaining 5 cases, second premolars were extracted followed by retraction of the first premolars. The process of closing the residual extraction space occurred on stainless steel wires with rectangular dimensions greater than or equal to 0.016”x0.022” in 13 arches or with round dimensions greater than or equal to 0.018” in 4 arches. 3.2 Experimental Time Periods Space closure of the extraction sites was measured at 3 time points of orthodontic care. All 17 dental arches were included in the measurements of the first time period that spanned the start of space closure (T0) and the first orthodontic adjustment appointment into space closure (T1). On average, the duration of this first period was 5.48 weeks with a range of 4-7 weeks 25PDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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