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35 factors are difficult to quantify and therefore are a less ideal way of assessing OTM. Other indices such as Little’s Irregularity Index are based on the average position of the anterior teeth in comparison to the ideal anterior teeth position (Macauley et al., 2012). Furthermore, the assessment of tooth position is done only in the 1st order dimension (i.e., without consideration of angulation or inclination). Similar to the IOTN, this index does not consider the rate of movement of single teeth and therefore may either over or underestimate OTM based on the starting tooth position. In an attempt to account for inter-patient variations in malocclusion (as described above), large sample sizes are often relied upon to reduce confounding variables. However, in the case of a split-mouth design with single tooth extraction space closure using similar anchorage management, the measurement of OTM can be accurately ascertained without the variability of different starting malocclusions or variations in orthodontic appliance design from one patient to another. In the study, patients had different amounts of residual extraction space prior to space closure on one side of the dental arch verses the other. However, the focus of the study was on the rate of tooth movement (mm/d) rather than the raw amount (mm) of tooth movement using a split-mouth approach to remove inter-patient and intra-patient variation associated with differences in starting extraction space sizes, malocclusion types and the variation in inter-appointment interval (T0-T1 or T1-T2). Furthermore, to prevent the underestimation of the calculated rate of OTM, application of the exclusion criteria removed patients whose residual extraction space would not ensure space closure was not complete prior to the next orthodontic appointment. The evaluation of OTM during the single tooth extraction space closure included both canine and 1st premolar tooth retraction and was evaluated in comparison to the matching contra-lateral tooth in the respective dental arch. In this scenario (a clinical setting) the periodontal ligament and root surface areas of the comparison teeth are asPDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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