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36 similar as a possible. In effect this ensured that the conversion of a force applied to the tooth and the resulting OTM was expected to be the same. Therefore, the application of the IR-LED phototherapy to one side of the dental arch was the only variable. 4.2 Study Design: Patient Sample and the Split-Mouth Approach One of the challenges inherent in most clinical studies, including this study, is the recruitment of an adequate number of patients. Careful and strict application of inclusion and exclusion criteria to reduce potentially confounding variables decreased the total number of study participants. The 11 enrolled patients in this study yielded a sample size of 17 dental arches, which were treated as independent of each other in terms of the orthodontic mechanics and the presence or absence of the study intervention (IR-LED phototherapy). This sample size was within the range suggested by pre-study sample size calculations (Appendix B8) and was comparable to those that have reported on the effect of LLLT on the rate of OTM during canine retraction (Table 1.2). Four prior studies reported on 11-14 dental arches and 2 studies reported on 30 dental arches (Doshi-Mehta and Bhad-Patil, 2011; da Silva Sousa et al., 2009; Kocoglu- Altan et al., 2009; Youssef et al., 2008; Limpanichkul et al., 2006; Cruz et al., 2004). Although post-study power analyses indicated that a sample of 100 arches would ideally be needed to detect a 0.001mm per day statistical difference between groups, a more clinically relevant threshold of greater than 1mm difference between groups would necessitate less than 24 arches (Appendix B9). This study’s sample of 17 arches displayed an average age and inter-orthodontic appointment length which is representative of a typical orthodontic patient. Despite a sample size of 17 dental arches, the small range in age and inter-appointment length reduced the dataPDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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