Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement

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Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement ( effect-led-phototherapy-rate-orthodontic-tooth-movement )

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References Machin, D., Campbell, M., Fayers, P., and Pinol, A. 1997. Sample Size Tables for Clinical Studies, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science. Malden, MA. Zar, Jerrold H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis (Second Edition). Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Al-Sunduqchi, Mahdi S. 1990. Determining the Appropriate Sample Size for Inferences Based on the Wilcoxon Statistics. Ph.D. dissertation under the direction of William C. Guenther, Dept. of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. Report Definitions Power is the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis. Power should be close to one. N1 and N2 are the number of items sampled from each population. To conserve resources, they should be small. Alpha is the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis. It should be small. Beta is the probability of accepting a false null hypothesis. It should be small. Mean1 is the mean of populations 1 and 2 under the null hypothesis of equality. Mean2 is the mean of population 2 under the alternative hypothesis. The mean of population 1 is unchanged. S1 and S2 are the population standard deviations. They represent the variability in the populations. Summary Statements for different scenarios Group sample sizes of 24 per group achieve 81% power to detect a difference of -1.000 between the null hypothesis that both group means are 1.950 and the alternative hypothesis that the mean of group 2 is 2.950 with estimated group standard deviations of 0.500 and 1.500 and with a significance level (alpha) of 0.05 assuming the actual distribution is normal 111

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