Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury

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Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury ( effects-red-light-treatment-spinal-cord-injury )

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List of Figures Figure 1.1 Organisation of the main motor pathways.................................................................9 Figure 1.2 Organisation of the main sensory pathways. ...........................................................11 Figure 1.3 Absorption coefficient of major chromophores in the human body..........................19 Figure 1.4 Absorption coefficient of human skin.....................................................................20 Figure 1.5 Signalling pathway of photobiomodulation.............................................................21 Figure 2.1 Penetration of red light (670 nm) in tissues from live and cadaver subjects. ............44 Figure 2.2 Penetration of 670 nm through hand structures in live and cadaver subjects............46 Figure 2.3 Penetration of 670 nm through the upper arm in live and cadaver subjects. ............. 48 Figure 3.1 Externally applied red light penetrates through the entire rat spinal cord.................63 Figure 3.2 Hypersensitivity is reduced by red light treatment at 7 days post T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury....................................................................................................................65 Figure 3.3 Dorsal column somatosensory functional deficits from T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury is reversed by red light treatment...................................................................................67 Figure 3.4 Locomotor recovery is improved by red light treatment following T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury....................................................................................................................68 Figure 3.5 Cell death is reduced by red light following T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury. 69 Figure 3.6 Anti-inflammatory microglia/macrophages are promoted early by red light treatment following T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury......................................................................71 Figure 4.1 Cumulative sensitivity is increased up to 7-dpi following mild T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury but reduced after red light treatment............................................................85 Figure 4.2 At-Level and Above-Level regional sensitivity are reduced by red light treatment. .87 Figure 4.3 Red light treatment reduces hypersensitivity incidence as well as sensitivity in normosensitive animals following a mild T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury......................89 Figure 4.4 RSSs are largely unaffected by red light treatment in hypersensitive animals in the first 5 days following mild T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury...................................................91 Figure 4.5 RSSs of normosensitive animals are reduced by red light treatment at early time points. ............................................................................................................................................... 93 Figure 4.6 Spinal cord injury-induced astrocyte activation is reduced following red light treatment. ............................................................................................................................................... 95 Figure 4.7 GFAP increases within 24 hrs following a mild T10 hemicontusion injury..............97 Figure 4.8 IL1β producing astrocyte cell density is not affected by red light treatment following mild T10 hemicontusion. ........................................................................................................99 Figure 4.9 IL1β producing microglia/macrophage population is not affected by red light treatment following T10 hemicontusion................................................................................................101 Figure 4.10 iNOS expressing microglia/macrophages are reduced by red light treatment following T10 hemicontusion. .............................................................................................................. 103 ix

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