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CHAPTER 1 (Steward et al., 2004). Its axons diverge from the dorsal corticospinal tract at the pyramidal decussation and essentially travel along the dorsolateral column. Its function remains unclear (Steward et al., 2004). The other distinct features of motor pathways in rodents are the location and the significance of rubrospinal tract. The rubrospinal tract travels laterally and dorsally to the dorsolateral corticospinal tract in the spinal cord in rodents (Morris et al., 2011) whereas it travels ventrally to the lateral corticospinal tract in humans. In addition, function of the rubrospinal tract in rodents is suggested to be homologous to the corticospinal tract in humans (Küchler et al., 2002). There is evidence showing that the size of rubrospinal tract regress from quadruped (e.g. some rodents) to biped (e.g. human), which is related to improved corticospinal tract for fine motor control of the forelimbs (ten Donkelaar, 1988). After spinal cord injury, neuronal death, axonal degeneration, and demyelination in the spinal cord can affect signal transduction along all of these pathways and therefore causing motor deficits. Neuronal death in the motor cortex has also been associated with impaired motor function (Lee et al., 2004). Around 70% of patients with injured spinal cords suffer from spasticity, which is defined as an increase in muscle tone (reviewed in Adams and Hicks, 2005). As motor function relies on sensory feedback, motor deficits are compounded by sensory deficits. Figure 1.1 Organisation of the main motor pathways. Schematic of motor pathways showing key components and locations of synapses. Motor neuron synapses (mono- or poly-synaptic) are located at the arrowheads. 9PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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