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CHAPTER 1 cerebellum. While these two tracts serve the lower limbs, the cuneocerebellar tract receives inputs from the upper limbs (Rea, 2015). Following spinal cord injury, axonal demyelination largely affects sensory transduction along these sensory tracts (Hu et al., 2011). Spinal cord injured patients may suffer disturbance of senses at and below the level of injury (Lenggenhager et al., 2012) while many may also develop devastating pain conditions (reviewed in Finnerup, 2017). Spontaneous recovery in sensations has been demonstrated (reviewed in Dietz and Fouad, 2014), which is likely to be due to plasticity at both the spinal and the supraspinal levels (Reed et al., 2016). Figure 1.2 Organisation of the main sensory pathways. Schematic of sensory tracts showing key components and locations of synapses. Sensory neuron synapses are located at the arrowheads. Pain Pain following spinal cord injury can be broadly classified into two main categories: nociceptive and neuropathic. Nociceptive pain occurs when there is tissue damage or inflammation. In the case of spinal cord injury, it is due to damage to the spinal cord, the vertebral column and overuse of certain muscles during rehabilitation. This type of pain normally disappears after the tissue is healed and responds well to physical therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and exercise (Costigan et al., 2009; Masri and Keller, 2012). Neuropathic pain, on the other hand, is more complicated and is resistant to conventional treatment (Baastrup and Finnerup, 2008). This pain is usually long lasting, and its clinical manifestation can be either increased pain 11PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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