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CHAPTER 1 1.2.4 Remarks While light treatment has been around for decades, there has been minimal uptake into mainstream clinical settings. Further studies on the photobiological properties of human tissues will allow us to make better decisions on the wavelength and the radiosity of the treatment device to reach optimal irradiance at the targeted sites. The other choice of treatment strategy, involving the time of treatment, duration of treatment, and interval of treatment, will largely depend on more thorough investigations of the PBM mechanism(s) and its effect in different injury models. 1.3 Summary and aims Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition. It is estimated that patients have to deal with lifetime costs in the million-dollar range. Although there are therapies that are currently under development, combination therapies would be more beneficial due to the complexity of the disease. This thesis examines PBM to improve recovery following spinal cord injury. Based on the study of light penetration (Section 1.2.1) and PBM mechanism (Section 1.2.2.1), LED irradiation with 670 nm is chosen in the current study. Firstly, the penetration of 670 nm in human tissues will be studied to investigate factors that affect penetration, and the expected depth of penetration over a range of irradiance. This section will provide new knowledge on what can be treated with 670 nm. The second part will apply 670 nm in rats with hemi-contused spinal cords and observe their functional recovery. Furthermore, changes in the cellular milieu following spinal cord injury and 670 nm treatment will be explored, with a particular focus on microglia/macrophage activation and polarisation, cytokine production, and apoptosis/necrosis. The association of these cellular changes with sensorimotor functional changes will be established. The experimental chapters proceed as follows: Chapter 2 compares the penetration of 670 nm between human subjects and cadavers across a range of light intensities. In addition, the effects of skin tone, tissue thickness, and nature of tissue on penetration are also described. Chapter 3 examines the effects of 670 nm on sensorimotor function in a mild-moderate contusion model, with focus on microglia/macrophage activation/polarisation, apoptosis/necrosis from 1 to 7 days post-injury, and functional changes at 7 days post-injury. Chapter 4 will study the development of hypersensitivity following a mild hemicontusion injury and the effects of 670 nm treatment over a seven-day recovery period. The effects of red light treatment on astrocyte activation and cytokine production in microglia/macrophages in the injured spinal cord are explored. Chapter 5 provides overall conclusions drawn from the experimental chapters 2-4. 25PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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