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CHAPTER 2 To examine the effects of tissue thickness and light intensity on red light penetration, penetration against tissue thickness at 100, 300 and 500 mW/cm2 for all structures tested in live (Figure 2.1b) and cadaver (Figure 2.1c) subjects was plotted. Structures with optical paths < 50 mm were penetrated by all intensities (≥ 100 mW/cm2) in 100% of cases examined in the 9 live subjects (n = 27 individual structures across 9 live subjects). These structures were either wrist, thumb, or middle finger. The following linear models describe the relationship between red light penetration of lean structures in μW/cm2 (y) and tissue thickness in mm (x) between the range of 22-49 mm in live subjects from a light source with intensities of 100 (Equation 2.1), 300 (Equation 2.2) and 500 mW/cm2 (Equation 2.3): Equation 2.1 Penetration of 670 nm light at 100 mW/cm2 𝑦 = 10%.'().*+, − 1 Equation 2.2 Penetration of 670 nm light at 300 mW/cm2 𝑦=10..)().*%, −1 Equation 2.3 Penetration of 670 nm light at 500 mW/cm2 𝑦=100.+().*1, −1 In cadavers (n = 22 individual structures across 6 cadavers), structures with a thickness less than 50 mm included biceps, humerus, hamstring, calf and coronal ankle, in addition to the aforementioned three hand structures. 68% (at 100 mW/cm2) and 77% (at 300 and 500 mW/cm2) of these structures were penetrated by red light in cadavers, however as for live subjects, 100% of the three hand structures were penetrated in cadavers. The increased intensity significantly (p = 3.0e-15, LMER) elevated penetration in both live subjects (100: 23 ± 8 μW/cm2; 300: 67 ± 24 μW/cm2; 500: 169 ± 59 μW/cm2) and cadaveric specimens (100: 44 ± 35 μW/cm2; 300: 83 ± 65 μW/cm2; 500: 177 ± 134 μW/cm2). In structures with optical paths between 50 and 95 mm, the proportion of structures from live subjects demonstrating complete penetration at 100 mW/cm2 was 9% of all structures tested (n = 53; 0.011 ± 0.005 μW/cm2), 28% at 300 mW/cm2 (0.045 ± 0.013 μW/cm2), and 43% at the 500 mW/cm2 (0.119 ± 0.033 μW/cm2). These structures included biceps, humerus, sagittal and coronal elbow, coronal knee, calf, and sagittal and coronal ankle. The proportion of cadaver structures demonstrating complete penetration of all structures tested (n = 18 individual structures across 6 cadavers) was 11% at 100 mW/cm2 (0.091 ± 0.080 μWcm2) and 28% at both 300 and 500 mW/cm2 intensities (300: 0.316 ± 0.265 μW/cm2; 500: 1.036 ± 0.906 μW/cm2). These structures included shoulder, humerus, sagittal and coronal elbow, femur, sagittal and coronal knee, calf, and sagittal ankle. While there was an overall significant increase in the penetration for structures of thicknesses between 50-95 mm as the intensity was increased (p < 2.09e-09, 41PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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