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CHAPTER 2 the intensities studied. While 50 mm penetration is insufficient to completely penetrate many body parts, it is sufficient to access most of the distal limb structures that are commonly injured by athletes (Garrett, 1996), and applying light from multiple sides of the structure would increase photon delivery for larger structures. Mathematical models were provided that will give practitioners and researchers the capacity to estimate red light penetration for lean structures of interest. Finally, it was shown that penetration parameters for inaccessible regions can be determined by the use of cadaveric tissues when accounting for tissue thickness. 2.7 References Anderson, R. R. & Parrish, J. A. 1981. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol, 77, 13-9. Baquie, P. & Brukner, P. 1997. Injuries presenting to an Australian sports medicine centre: a 12- month study. Clin J Sport Med, 7, 28-31. Barham, P., Skibsted, L. H., Bredie, W. L., Frost, M. B., Moller, P., Risbo, J., Snitkjaer, P. & Mortensen, L. M. 2010. Molecular gastronomy: a new emerging scientific discipline. Chem Rev, 110, 2313-65. Bashkatov, A. N., Genina, E. A. & Tuchin, V. V. 2011. Optical Properties of Skin, Subcutaneous, and Muscle Tissues: A Review. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, 04, 9-38. Benjamini, Y. & Yekutieli, D. 2001. The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of statistics, 1165-1188. Bertolini, G. R., Artifon, E. L., Silva, T. S., Cunha, D. M. & Vigo, P. R. 2011. Low-level laser therapy, at 830 nm, for pain reduction in experimental model of rats with sciatica. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 69, 356-9. Chang, W. D., Wu, J. H., Wang, H. J. & Jiang, J. A. 2014. Therapeutic outcomes of low-level laser therapy for closed bone fracture in the human wrist and hand. Photomed Laser Surg, 32, 212-8. Christensen, R. H. B. 2015. Package ‘ordinal’. Chu-Tan, J. A., Rutar, M., Saxena, K., Wu, Y., Howitt, L., Valter, K., Provis, J. & Natoli, R. 2016. Efficacy of 670 nm Light Therapy to Protect against Photoreceptor Cell Death Is Dependent on the Severity of Damage. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2016, 1- 12. Chung, H., Dai, T., Sharma, S. K., Huang, Y. Y., Carroll, J. D. & Hamblin, M. R. 2012. The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy. Ann Biomed Eng, 40, 516-33. Darrow, C. J., Collins, C. L., Yard, E. E. & Comstock, R. D. 2009. Epidemiology of severe injuries among United States high school athletes: 2005-2007. Am J Sports Med, 37, 1798-805. de Melo, C. A., Alves, A. N., Terena, S. M., Fernandes, K. P., Nunes, F. D., da Silva Dde, F., Bussadori, S. K., Deana, A. M. & Mesquita-Ferrari, R. A. 2016. Light-emitting diode therapy increases collagen deposition during the repair process of skeletal muscle. Lasers Med Sci, 31, 531-8. Deniz, E., Arslan, A., Diker, N., Olgac, V. & Kilic, E. 2015. Evaluation of light-emitting diode photobiomodulation on bone healing of rat calvarial defects. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 29, 758-765. Eells, J. T., Wong-Riley, M. T., VerHoeve, J., Henry, M., Buchman, E. V., Kane, M. P., Gould, L. J., Das, R., Jett, M., Hodgson, B. D., Margolis, D. & Whelan, H. T. 2004. Mitochondrial signal transduction in accelerated wound and retinal healing by near- infrared light therapy. Mitochondrion, 4, 559-67. Ekizer, A., Uysal, T., Guray, E. & Yuksel, Y. 2013. Light-emitting diode photobiomodulation: effect on bone formation in orthopedically expanded suture in rats--early bone changes. Lasers Med Sci, 28, 1263-70. Fitzpatrick, T. B. 1988. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol, 124, 869-71. Garrett, W. E., Jr. 1996. Muscle strain injuries. Am J Sports Med, 24, S2-8. 52PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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