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CHAPTER 3 of the skin and the muscle overlying the spinal cord with a device producing approximately 16 mW/cm2 in sacrificed Fisher rat (Giacci et al., 2014). Temperature of sham-treated animals was not significantly different before and after treatment, while light treated animals’ experienced a significant 1.2°C increase. This increase does not exceed the normal range for rat tail skin temperature variations which have been reported to oscillate by ± 2°C within a 2-hour time frame (Gordon et al., 2002). However, as there was a significant temperature increase 2 minutes after light treatment, it is likely that there was a larger temperature difference during the 30 min treatment period. Therefore the possibility that temperature increases did not impact on the findings cannot be ruled out. Nevertheless, red light treatment does result in significant functional and cellular improvements; regardless if temperature is a contributing factor. If temperature increases were to contribute toward improved outcomes, it would be in contrast to studies of hypothermic treatment which propose superior outcomes following spinal cord injury (Ahmad et al., 2014; Alkabie and Boileau, 2016; Maybhate et al., 2012). As the mechanism(s) of action for light-treatment improvements remain to be elucidated, future investigations isolating the effect of temperature and light are warranted. This study is the first to report a red light-induced locomotor improvement following a spinal cord injury, which contradicts the only other study by Giacci et al. (2014) that examined 670 nm on locomotor recovery with a daily dose of 28.4 J/cm2; an intensity of 15.8 mW/cm2 for 30 mins, i.e. less than half the intensity of the present study. The compounded effect of reduced intensity and a more severe contusion injury in their study may explain this difference, and furthermore, suggests that matching the appropriate light dosage to the injury severity is of paramount importance. The T10 hemicontusion injury model resulted in allodynia within 7 days in a subset of animals. This injury model results in neuropathic pain because hypersensitivity developed above and below the level, as well as contralateral to the injury, i.e. at dermatomes that receive their innervation from outside the injury epicentre. This observation is also consistent with findings from an investigation using a C5 hemicontusion injury model, and which also found a subset of animals developing allodynia from 7 days post-injury that lasted for least 42 days (Detloff et al., 2013). The current observation of allodynia on the animals’ dorsum is also consistent with a T13 hemi-section injury model, that also results in clear development of hypersensitivity in most animals within 7 days and that remains persists for several weeks (Christensen and Hulsebosch, 1997). It was found that red light treatment reduced the severity, but not the incidence of hypersensitivity at 7 days post-injury. As allodynia reached sensitivity levels of almost four times that of the hypersensitivity threshold, a milder injury causing sensitivity scores closer to the hypersensitivity threshold boarder would result in a reduction of both the severity and incidence of hypersensitivity. 73PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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