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CHAPTER 3 spinal cord injury, and these behavioural changes are accompanied by alterations to the alternatively activated macrophage population. Early pain intervention is considered important to avoid the prospects of developing chronic pain (Siddall et al., 2003). As 670 nm light therapy is FDA approved, it could be quickly adopted as an adjunct to early treatment of spinal cord injury. Not only could this minimize the severity of pain to sufferers, it may also provide collateral benefits which include functional improvements to other sensory/motor systems. However, translation to human patients requires further studies to determine exposure parameters such as the light intensity necessary to penetrate the human spinal cord. 3.7 References Ahmad, F. U., Wang, M. Y. & Levi, A. D. 2014. Hypothermia for acute spinal cord injury--a review. World Neurosurg, 82, 207-14. Albarracin, R., Eells, J. & Valter, K. 2011. Photobiomodulation protects the retina from light- induced photoreceptor degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 52, 3582-92. Alkabie, S. & Boileau, A. J. 2016. The Role of Therapeutic Hypothermia After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury--A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg, 86, 432-49. Anderson, R. R. & Parrish, J. A. 1981. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol, 77, 13-9. Barbosa, R. I., Marcolino, A. M., de Jesus Guirro, R. R., Mazzer, N., Barbieri, C. H. & de Cassia Registro Fonseca, M. 2010. Comparative effects of wavelengths of low-power laser in regeneration of sciatic nerve in rats following crushing lesion. Lasers Med Sci, 25, 423- 30. Basso, D. M., Beattie, M. S. & Bresnahan, J. C. 1995. A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. J Neurotrauma, 12, 1-21. Bertolini, G. R., Artifon, E. L., Silva, T. S., Cunha, D. M. & Vigo, P. R. 2011. Low-level laser therapy, at 830 nm, for pain reduction in experimental model of rats with sciatica. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 69, 356-9. Byrnes, K. R., Waynant, R. W., Ilev, I. K., Wu, X., Barna, L., Smith, K., Heckert, R., Gerst, H. & Anders, J. J. 2005. Light promotes regeneration and functional recovery and alters the immune response after spinal cord injury. Lasers Surg Med, 36, 171-85. Chow, R. T., Johnson, M. I., Lopes-Martins, R. A. & Bjordal, J. M. 2009. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet, 374, 1897-908. Christensen, M. D. & Hulsebosch, C. E. 1997a. Chronic central pain after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma, 14, 517-37. Cidral-Filho, F. J., Martins, D. F., More, A. O., Mazzardo-Martins, L., Silva, M. D., Cargnin- Ferreira, E. & Santos, A. R. 2013. Light-emitting diode therapy induces analgesia and decreases spinal cord and sciatic nerve tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels after sciatic nerve crush in mice. Eur J Pain, 17, 1193-204. Clark, A. K., Gruber-Schoffnegger, D., Drdla-Schutting, R., Gerhold, K. J., Malcangio, M. & Sandkuhler, J. 2015. Selective activation of microglia facilitates synaptic strength. J Neurosci, 35, 4552-70. Coderre, T. J., Fundytus, M. E., McKenna, J. E., Dalal, S. & Melzack, R. 1993. The formalin test: a validation of the weighted-scores method of behavioural pain rating. Pain, 54, 43-50. David, S. & Kroner, A. 2011. Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Nat Rev Neurosci, 12, 388-99. Desmet, K. D., Paz, D. A., Corry, J. J., Eells, J. T., Wong-Riley, M. T., Henry, M. M., Buchmann, E. V., Connelly, M. P., Dovi, J. V., Liang, H. L., Henshel, D. S., Yeager, R. L., Millsap, D. S., Lim, J., Gould, L. J., Das, R., Jett, M., Hodgson, B. D., Margolis, D. & Whelan, H. T. 2006. Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation. Photomed Laser Surg, 24, 121-8. Detloff, M. R., Wade, R. E., Jr. & Houle, J. D. 2013. Chronic at- and below-level pain after moderate unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion in rats. J Neurotrauma, 30, 884-90. 76PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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