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CHAPTER 4 during all surgical procedures. Laminectomy was performed at the T10 vertebra where the dura mater and arachnoid were removed. A 10 g weight drop from 25 mm above the spinal cord was used to induce a hemicontusion on the right side of the spinal cord (Hu et al., 2016; Vijayaprakash and Sridharan, 2013). Sham-injured animals underwent the same surgical procedures without the impaction. All animals received subcutaneous injections of antibiotics (Cephalothin Sodium; DBL) after surgery and once every 24 hrs throughout the recovery period at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/12 hrs. Animals were returned to their home cage after the effects of anaesthesia had subsided. 4.3.2 Treatment Spinal cord injured animals were divided into untreated (SCI; n=36) and 670 nm treated (SCI+670; n=28) groups. Sham-injured animals were divided into untreated (shamSCI; n=8) and 670 nm treated (shamSCI+670; n=10) groups. Treatments commenced 2 hrs after the surgery and were repeated every 24 hrs after sensitivity testing. For the duration of the treatment, animals were contained in a transparent Perspex box in their own cages. A commercially available LED array (75 mm2) that provided light at 670 ± 15 nm with a measured irradiance of 35.4 ± 0.05 mW/cm2 (WARP 75A; Quantum Devices, Inc) was placed directly above a Perspex box for light-treated animals (SCI+670 and shamSCI+670 groups). Details of the spectral features and irradiance measurements of this light source has been previously described (Hu et al., 2016). The treatments were delivered for 30 mins per day (63.7 ± 0.09 J/cm2 per session) to the dorsal surface of the animal. Untreated animals (SCI and shamSCI groups) were handled in the same way without the LED being turned on (sham-treatment). 4.3.3 Sensitivity testing All animals were subjected to sensitivity testing from 1 day post-injury (dpi) on every odd day. Briefly, a nylon filament (OD: 1.22 mm, mass delivered: 2.86 ± 0.09 g) was used to deliver non-noxious tactile stimuli to 6 defined regions: dermatomes innervated by nerves above the level of the injury (dermatomes C6-T3), at the level of the injury (dermatomes T9-T12) and below the level of the injury (dermatomes L2-L5) on both ipsilateral and contralateral sides. At each region, 10 consecutive stimuli were applied, and responses were categorized into four different categories: I) no response; II) acknowledgement of the stimulus; III) sign of pain avoidance behaviour including moving away from the stimulus; IV) severe pain avoidance behaviour including jumping, running and vocalisation. The categories were then assigned a weight individually, 0, 1, √2, 2 and the summation of the 10 responses gave the regional sensitivity score (RSS). The summation of the six RSSs gave the cumulative sensitivity score (CSS). A group of age-matched male Wistar rats, as non-injured control animals (NIC; n=7) were also included in the sensitivity testing. A hypersensitivity threshold was defined as 2 standard deviations above the mean of NIC animals. Hypersensitivity incidence was thus calculated as the percentage of animals whose CSS exceeded hypersensitivity threshold. See Hu et al. (2016) for a more details on sensitivity testing. 82PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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