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CHAPTER 4 Approximate location of injury is indicated by the purple shaded area. (b) Example images of UNOS (red), IBA1 (green), and DAPI (blue) triple positive cells from spinal cord injured untreated and light-treated groups in the dorsal region, ipsilateral to the injury at 7-dpi. (c-d) Quantification of UNOS+IBA1+DAPI+ cells, expressed as triple positive cell density within the dorsal region of interest, contralateral (c) and ipsilateral (d) to the injury of untreated and light-treated groups. (e-f) UNOS+IBA1+DAPI+ cell density in the lateral regions of interest contralateral (e) and ipsilateral (f) to the injury. (g-h) UNOS+IBA1+DAPI+ cell density in the ventral regions of interest contralateral (g) and ipsilateral (h) to the injury. n values indicated (legend) are for each time point. Statistical comparisons between time points (capped bracket, LMER), between SCI and SCI+670 groups across all time points and regions (black bracket, LMER) and across the time points at individual region (black line, LMER) are indicated. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, p value indicated for 0.05 < p < 0.1. See Figure 4.1 for abbreviations. 4.5 Discussion It was set out to investigate changes in mechanical sensitivity and the spinal cord cellular environment following spinal cord injury and 670 nm treatment. It was demonstrated that a mild weight-drop hemicontusion spinal cord injury causes increase in mechanical sensitivity with around half of the population being hypersensitive from 1-dpi, and persisting for at least 7 days. This increase in mechanical sensitivity was mostly due to spinal cord damage rather than the surgical procedures. Daily 30 min treatments of 670 nm at 35 mW/cm2 reduces mechanical sensitivity, particularly within the first 3 days post-injury. The red light-induced overall reduction in mechanical sensitivity in the first 5 days appears to result from two components: 1) a reduction in the percentage of animals developing hypersensitivity, and 2) a reduction in the mechanical sensitivity of the sub-population that did not develop hypersensitivity (normosensitive). Red light also alleviated mechanical sensitivity caused by surgical procedures in sham-injured animals, with evidence of possible mild effects lasting as long as 7 days post-surgery. These functional improvements in spinal cord injured animals were accompanied by reduced astrocyte activation and reduced iNOS+ microglia/macrophage presence in the injured spinal cord. A mechanical testing paradigm was used that allowed assessment of above-, at-, and below-injury dermatomes, which could provide more insight as to how mechanical sensitivity is changed following spinal cord injury. Categories I and II are characterised by no or minimal acknowledgement to the stimuli which are not characteristic of nocifensive behaviours in laboratory rats while categories III and IV are inexorable behavioural responses to aversive stimuli including basic/integrated motor responses (jumping, avoidance and aggression) and vocalization (Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.). Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals., 2009). As the NIC group generally displayed 104PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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