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CHAPTER 5 The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of daily 30 min 670 nm LED treatment on spinal cord injury in rats. The first experimental chapter (Chapter 2) showed that 670 nm of 100 mW/cm2 can successfully penetrate both live and cadaveric human tissues with a thickness of up to 50 mm. This phenomenon is independent of skin tones (Fitzpatrick types II-V) while the presence of bone tissue aids the penetration of 670 nm light. The second experimental chapter (Chapter 3) investigated the effects of 670 nm LED treatment in spinal cord injured rats. Daily 30 min treatment improves locomotor recovery, sensory conduction along the posterior columns, and reduces mechanical sensitivity over a 7-day recovery period, while minimizing cell death, reducing microglia/macrophage activation, and promoting anti-inflammatory macrophage subpopulation. The third experimental chapter (Chapter 4) examined the earlier development of mechanical sensitivity over the course of 7 days following spinal cord injury. Daily 30 min 670 nm treatment reduces hypersensitivity incidence up to 5 days and reduces mechanical sensitivity in normosensitive animals up to 7 days while reducing astrocyte activation from 3 days and iNOS+ microglia/macrophage cell density up to 7 days. The current chapter outlines the main findings from the three experimental chapters in two main parts: penetration of 670 nm LED (Section 5.1) and its therapeutic effects following spinal cord injury (Section 5.2). The overall conclusions will be presented in Section 5.3. 5.1 Penetration of 670 nm LED This thesis contains the first study that measures the penetration of 670 nm LED (15-500 mW/cm2) in live and cadaveric human tissues (Chapter 2). The penetration of 670 nm LED is dependent on the radiosity of the light source, the composition of the tissue, and the thickness of the tissue, but not the skin tone. It is common sense that the larger the radiosity, the greater the penetration in a given tissue. However, there has been no consistent approach for determining the extent to which tissues below the skin surface are exposed when applying photobiomodulation among the various studies. The results from Chapter 2 therefore provide a guide that enables future researchers and/or therapists to make practical decisions about exposing target tissues with red light. The effect of skin tone is also of interest. Melanin has always been a hot topic in the field of photobiomodulation. However, it is important to realise that the effect of melanin on penetration is largely wavelength-dependent (Figure 1.3) and that its absorption of red light may be minimal compared to the effect of other chromophores, due to its relatively thin layer in the skin. Results from this thesis (Figure 2.2) and another study (Saager et al., 2015) showed a minimal effect of melanin on the penetration of 670 nm light in human tissues. This result can give clinicians confidence when treating patients of different skin tones up to Fitzpatrick’s skin type V. While this thesis covered a broad range of skin tones, future studies, covering the lightest and darkest skin tone (i.e. Fitzpatrick’s skin types I and VI) would be of great value. 113PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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