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Introduction In the typical human eye, the three cone types—labeled “S” for short wavelengths, “M” for medium, and “L” for long—are sensitive primarily to light with wavelengths in the 390 - 530 nm, 400 - 1–4 670 nm, and 400 - 700 nm bands, respectively . When excited by light, the signal from the cones is relayed though retinal ganglion cells, to the optic nerve, and then the brain, where it is further processed to produce a color sensation5,6. This process can be understood as a type of lossy compression from an N-dimensional spectrum, where N is the number of wavelength bins necessary to sufficiently approximate a continuous spectrum, into a color, which is a three-dimensional object (Fig. 1). A manifestation of this N-to-three compression is metamerism, a phenomenon in which different spectra resolve to the same tristimulus values (i.e., they appear as the same color, neglecting possible contextual effects)2. The number of cone types and the widths and separations of their spectral sensitivities govern the degree to which metamerism is a limitation of the visual system; for example, a hypothetical increase in the number of distinct cone types should result in a decrease in the prevalence of metamers. Cast in a signal processing perspective, an increase in the sampling rate of a spectrum (i.e., the number of distinct cone types) improves the ability to detect sharp features in the spectrum7. Several studies have reported that a small percentage of humans, primarily women, express a mutated L cone in addition to the standard one, resulting in a total of four cone types, which may in principle enable vision with four color dimensions (tetrachromacy)8–10. Reports suggest that a few of these individuals can utilize this fourth photopigment type, and thus “perceive significantly more chromatic 11,12 appearances” compared to typical, healthy humans with three cone types (trichromats) . More broadly, it is reasonable to infer that an additional cone type would enhance spectral perception, provided subsequent neural processing can capitalize on its presence. 2PDF Image | Enhancing color vision by breaking binocular redundancy
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