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2 LITTERATURE REVIEW 2.3 Circadian Rhythm The daily sleep/wake cycle, is popularly known as the CR and part of the chronobiology, covering all biological rhythms that takes part in all natural cycles. These cycles are repeated over and over again like (a day) daily, (the tide) tidal, (the four seasons) seasonal, (a year) and annual. Circadian origi- nates from “Circa” “Diem” and means more or less “about a day”. It is very easy to manipulate the CR, as this rhythm is endogenous and easily adjusts to our habits and environment. The flexibility makes jetlag a temporal condition. Daylight is a very successful manipulator as this is high- ly effective of stimulating the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Strong stimuli like daylight, food, muscle activity and social contact can work as circadian time givers. They are popularly named as “Zeitgebers”, as they can synchronise our CR and circadian hormone cycles. In addition, it also stimulates mood, energy, metabolism, sleep and recovery depending on exposure to daily cycles of natural light. (Schibler et al., 2003; Wirz-Justice, 2006; West, Simon- sen, et al., 2017) When the CR is being disturbed by exterior fac- tors it can cause a disturbance in the biological clock. This is often connected to sleep depriva- tion, problems focusing and can be connected to jetlag or shift work. As a diagnosis it is called Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder. (Wirz-Justice, 2006) “Shift Work Type: insomnia during the ma- jor sleep period or excessive sleepiness during the major awake period associated with night shift work or frequently changing shift work” (American Psychiatric Association. and American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV., 2000) CR and healthy sleep is a “hot topic” at the mo- ment, following important findings and the resent Nobel Prise. People are in general getting more aware of how light and darkness affects their sleep and mood. Especially on avoiding and fil- tering out the blue light from computer screens and the self-emitting screens on tablets and smart phones. TED talks (Russel Foster, Why do we sleep?) and news articles about sleep, stress and the relation to light and Melatonin is slowly becoming part of healthy and stress-free living. (Friedman, 2017) Figur 1: DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic criteria for circadian rhythm sleep disorder (American Psychiatric Association. and American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV., 2000) Master thesis · MSc Lighting Design · Pernille Bech-Larsen · Fall 2017 17PDF Image | Healing with light
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