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2 LITTERATURE REVIEW 2.6.3 Non-psychiatric effects of light Other uses are seen in dermatology, as the layers of the skin is susceptible to light of various wavelengths. Vitamin D [section 2.7.1], which is segregated when UVB reaches the skin and BLT can be used as treatment in cases with severe acne, psoriasis and dermatitis. Epidermal thickness and melanization are important factors for UV wavelengths less than 300 nm, whereas the at- tenuation of UVA (320–400 nm) and visible radiation is primarily via melanin. (Anderson and Parrish, 1981) Green light through the eyelids at night is right now being tested as treatment for a type of blindness (proliferative di- abetic retinopathy) that occurs in diabetes patients, where the rod cells are dark-adapting. (500-nm light) (Sivaprasad and Arden, 2016) 2.6.4 Chrono-nutrition According to Anna Wirz-Justice (Wirz-Justice, 2006) each organ in the body has a biological clock and each organ has a Zeitgeber that can reset this. Even though the SCN is the master pacemaker and to a high degree controlled by light stimuli in the dark hours, the liver clock is controlled by food intake, as applies to heart, kidney, and pancreas. Food does not, how- ever control the SCN or have any effect in this matter. (Schibler et al., 2003; Tahara and Shibata, 2013) Chrono-nutrition covers the maintaining of a food schedule coordinated with the daily rhythm of the human body – referring to the time of ingestion as an important player in the well-being of human beings. (Asher and Sas- sone-Corsi, 2015) Research with mice and rodents show tendencies towards that food calculated food-intake could affect our biological clock. (Tahara and Shibata, 2013) The research explores how timed meals can contribute to maintaining human health and simultaneously contribute to changes in the human internal clock system. This suggests that the biological clock is not only controlled by the brain, and that scheduled food intake can affect the body through the Food-Entrainable Oscillator (FEO) clock in the pancreas, providing information for brain and liver clocks. In terms of food timing, Tahara and Shibata reports that scheduled food intake during only light hours caused higher weight gain in rodents than in- gestion at night. Mice held in dim light conditions during the night, showed an increase in daytime food intake causing weight gain compared to mice in normal light/dark conditions. Conditions with bright light (LL) and dim light (DL) were tested in comparison to regular light/dark (LD) conditions and both LL and DL showed a reduced glucose tolerance and weight gain over time, compared to LD. (Fonken et al., 2010) Low levels of light at night shows results indicating a disrupted food intake timing thus leading to obesity. Meal timing affects more than glucose tolerance and our urge to snack. A range of psychological processes are also connected to Chrono-nutrition: core body temperature, sleep/wake cycle, performance and alertness. The central clock, located in the hypothalamus, is a structure called suprachias- matic nucleus (SCN) (e.g. I.N. Karatsoreosa, R. Silvera,b, no date; Tahara and Shibata, 2013) Master thesis · MSc Lighting Design · Pernille Bech-Larsen · Fall 2017 25PDF Image | Healing with light
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