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872 Fig. 1 a b TOOKAD® Soluble Purlytin® How promising is phototherapy for cancer? H Shi and PJ Sadler Photofrin® FM-190 a FDA-approved anticancer photosensitisers; b metal-based photoactive anticancer complexes under development. n = 0–6 Levulan® Metvix® TLD-1433 Ir(III) photocatalyst Table 1. PDT agents in clinical use or in clinical trialsa. Class PDT agent Metal Stage Excitation (nm) Area Cancer type Protoporphyrin IX precursor Porphyrin derivatives Chlorin derivatives Bacteriochlorin derivatives Phthalocyanine derivatives Metal complex 5-Aminolevulinic acid (Levulan®) Methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix®) Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate (Hexvix®) Porfimer sodium (Photofrin®) Photogem Temoporfin (Foscan®) Ce6-PVP (Fotolon®) Radachlorin® Talaporfin sodium (Laserphyrin®) HPPH (Photochlor®) Redaporfin Silicon phthalocyanine (Pc4) Padoporfin (TOOKAD®) Pd Padeliporfin potassium (TOOKAD® Pd Soluble) TLD-1433 Ru Motexafin lutetium (Antrin®) Lu Rostaporfin (Purlytin®) Sn FDA approved 635 FDA approved 635 FDA approved 380–450 (diagnosis) FDA approved 630 MHRF approved 660 EMA approved 652 Phase 2 660–670 MHRF approved 662 MHLW approved 664 Phase 2 665 Phase 2 749 Phase 1 672 Terminated 763 EMA approved 753 Phase 2 520 Terminated 732 Phase 2/3 664 Global Global Russia EU Germany Russia Japan USA Portugal USA EU EU Canada USA USA Skin, brain, oesophagus Skin Bladder Lung, bladder, oesophagus, bile duct, brain Respiratory and digestive tracts, urogenital Head and neck, bile duct, lung Lung Skin Lung, brain Lung, oral cavity, oesophagus Head and neck Skin Prostate Prostate Bladder, brain Breast, prostate Breast, bile duct, ovarian, colon aData from clinicaltrials.gov. instilled and relies on high selectivity for bladder tumours over normal tissues. Despite the wide clinical applications of PDT, it suffers from several problems. Firstly, the mechanism of action is highly dependent on oxygen, which limits the efficacy of PDT in hypoxic tumours. However, oxygen-independent photosensitisers are now becoming available (Fig. 1). For example, a highly oxidative organo-Ir(III) photosensitiser can catalyse the photoreduction of cytochrome c synergistically with NADH oxidation under hypoxia, and is phototoxic towards both normoxic and hypoxic cancer cells.6 In another strategy, a chlorin photosensitiser has been combined with an oxygen-generating diazido Pt(IV) complex 1234567890();,:PDF Image | How promising is phototherapy for cancer
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