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Plants 2020, 9, 1344 2 of 15 is a wild edible herb and has been traditionally used for ornamental and a wide range of ailments in many countries. All parts of A. roxburghii have a long tradition use as a folk medicine to treat various ailments, with indications from one country to the other. In China, the whole plant has been used in various dosage forms such as oral liquid, spray, capsules, and its mixture to treat hepatitis, hyperliposis, tumor, chronic hepatitis B, diabetes [1–5] and nephritis, cystitis, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, febrile convulsion, cough-variant, and snakebite [6]. In Taiwan, all plant parts are frequently used as a tonic and treat hypertension, lung disease, kidney deficiency [7], cancer, and other incurable diseases [4]. The entire plant possesses various pharmacological activities such as antidiabetics, anti-inflammatory, protection of liver and renal, antineoplastic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities [4]. Moreover, some clinical applications of this plant showed good efficacy on the type 2 diabetes mellitus [8], chronic hepatitis B [9], cough-variant asthma [10], hyperuricemia [11], hand foot and mouth disease [12], tic-coprolalia syndrome [13], and helicobacter pylori infection [14]. Recently, Ho et al. [15] reported that A. roxburghii water extract showed effects of antitumor, hypoglycemic, anti-HBV, and hypotensive. A. roxburghii extracts showed a high anti-inflammatory effect on xylene-induced mice [15]. It also inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators and enhances the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines [16]. Especially, A. roxburghii extracts significantly promote hepatoprotective activity in experimental mice as well as reduce the formation of early liver fibrosis [17]. A. roxburghii can decrease liver injury consequences via inhibiting liver and spleen enlargement [18]. The major compounds responsible for the liver protection effects possibly are flavonoids, which proved to be involved in the anti-oxidation activities including the removal of free radicals in liver cells, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and stabilization of cell membranes’ processes [19,20]. Flavonoids belong to polyphenol, one of the most important groups’ secondary metabolites in plants. Polyphenol compounds are responsible for plant defenses against both biotic and abiotic stresses and even light irradiation [21]. Some major chemical constituents belonging to flavonoids, triterpenes, polysaccharides, alkaloids, nucleosides, steroids, glycosides, volatile compounds, and organic acids have been isolated and identified from the different parts of this plant. Many of them have been considered as the bioactive compounds related to the pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antilipemic, abirritant, sedative, liver and renal protectives, immunomodulatory, and antineoplastic effects [4]. Light is an indispensable environmental factor for plant growth and development. The application of artificial light is more useful than using chemicals to manage plant architecture and simultaneously reduce environmental impacts [22]. The prompt development of lighting technologies using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has led to increasing the application of this technology for lighting in closed horticultural systems [23]. Various effects of LED light on morphology and development were observed in many plant subjects. Numerous studies showed that a combination of red and blue light at the appropriate ratio is more necessary for plant growth and development than a monochromatic red or blue LED light [24–26]. In addition, the characteristics of LED (light wavelength, intensity, and light duration) also significantly affect the accumulation of metabolites in plants [27]. An increase in primary and secondary compounds such as sugars, starches, vitamin C, proteins, and polyphenols, etc., was obviously seen in red or blue LEDs compared with fluorescent lamp [28]. Monochromatic red LED stimulated anthocyanin accumulation in Malus domestica Borkh more significantly than monochromatic blue LED, which has been identified as due to an increased expression of anthocyanin synthesis gene (MdMYB10 and MdUFGT gene) under the influence of the red LED [29]. The phenol content, total isoflavones, and antioxidant capacity of soybean germ when grown under LED blue light (470 nm) were also higher than those of LED green (530 nm) and florescent light [30]. LED blue light (440–540 nm, peak wavelength of 469 nm) had a positive impact on A. roxburghii [31]. After 40 days of planting under LED Blue light, the harvested A. roxburghii plants had significantly higher biomass, chlorophyll content, and secondary metabolites (flavonoids and total polyphenols) compared with the non-illuminated formula and other LED formulas in the experiment [31]. The lowest total flavonoid content was in the formula yellow light (540–620 nm, peak wavelength 592 nm), while the total polyphenol content wasPDF Image | LED Lights Promote Growth and Flavonoid Accumulation of Anoectochilus roxburghii
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