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by approximately 20 d as red (R; 600 to 700 nm) light intensity as an NI increased from 26 to 19,700 μmol·m−2 (Ishikawa et al., 2009). Photoperiodic lighting is typically provided continuously during the lighting period, although intermittent, or cyclic, lighting is sometimes as effective. Cyclic lighting can reduce energy consumption by reducing the amount of time lamps operate or the number of lamps needed to light a crop. Cycling incandescent (INC) lamps on for six min every half hour, during a 4-h NI, was as effective as a continuous NI for some crops, but not for others (Runkle et al., 1998; Blanchard and Runkle, 2010). Cyclic lighting can also be delivered successfully by high- pressure sodium (HPS) lamps with rotating reflectors (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010). For example, the rotating reflector of a 600-W HPS lamp moves a beam of light across a relatively large area (e.g., 140 m2) at regular intervals (e.g., once per minute) (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010). Another technique to deliver LD lighting is placing lights on irrigation booms programmed to run (with lights on and water off) during the night. There is limited research- based information on “boom lighting” (Blom and Zheng, 2006), but some commercial growers have developed their own successful strategies, generally delivering at least 15,000 μmol∙m–2 each night and ensuring plants are lighted at least once every 20 to 30 min for at least a 4-h period (M. Blanchard and E. Runkle, unpublished). Electric lighting Traditional light sources INC and HPS lamps are commonly used as light sources for photoperiodic lighting. INC lamps emit a spectrum rich in R and far-red (FR; 700 to 800 nm) light, which are both required for rapid flowering of LDPs; however, extension growth can also be promoted (Runkle and 5PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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