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= 0.72) promoted flowering of LDPs as effectively as INC lamps with an R:FR of 0.59 (PFR/PR+FR = 0.64) (Figure I-2; Craig, 2012). The spectral characteristics of several newly developed LEDs are compared with those of traditional light sources, such as INC, HPS, and compact FL lamps, in Table I-1 and Figure I-1. Philips Lighting currently produces three types of screw-in LED lamps that emit FR (13 W, useful lifetime = 15,000 h), R+white (15 W, useful lifetime = 20,000 h), and R+white+FR (14 W, useful lifetime = 20,000 h) light for potential photoperiodic applications. The R+white lamp (R:FR = 53.4; PFR/PR+FR = 0.88) was developed for plants that do not require FR light for regulation of flowering, such as short-day plants. However, because flowering of some plants is regulated by both R and FR light, the R+white+FR lamp with an R:FR of 0.82 (PFR/PR+FR = 0.67; Table I-1, Figure I-1) was developed for a wide range of photoperiodic plants. Light quality Plants perceive the light environment through multiple families of photoreceptors, including R and FR light-absorbing phytochromes, ultraviolet-A and B light-absorbing cryptochromes, and B light-absorbing phototropins. Phytochromes are the primary photoreceptors that regulate flowering of photoperiodic crops, although at least in some species, such as in the Brassicaceae, phytochromes and cryptochromes interact and overlap in function (Cashmore et al., 1999). Green (G, 500 to 600 nm) light was reported to influence flowering of some plants in a few studies (Hamamoto et al., 2003; Hamamoto and Yamazaki, 2009; Jeong et al., 2012), although its mode of action has not been determined. Extensive studies have made valuable progress in understanding photoregulation of flowering and identifying the genetic basis in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, an NI from B, R, or FR light promoted 8PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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