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flowering, although R light was the least effective (Goto et al., 1991; Eskins, 1992; Carré, 1998). A DE rich in FR light also promoted flowering of Arabidopsis (Goto et al., 1991). However, flowering responses to photoperiodic lighting in Arabidopsis are not necessarily similar with that in other plants and thus, continued research on the effects of light quality on growth and flowering is merited. Red and far-red light The R/FR photoreversibility refers to phytochrome-mediated responses that can be reversed to regulate seed germination, the shade-avoidance response, and flowering. For example, R light triggers a response by converting phytochromes into their biologically active form, the FR-absorbing form (PFR). In some instances, immediate exposure to FR light can counteract the response by reversing PFR back to their inactive, R-absorbing form (PR). The two forms of phytochromes, PFR and PR, can exist in plant cells as homodimers and heterodimers (Sharrock and Clack, 2004). The proportions of PFR and PR depend on the R:FR, which creates a PFR/PR+FR that mediates extension growth and flowering responses in plants (Sager et al., 1988). Although both PR and PFR absorb photons between approximately 300 and 800 nm, their spectral absorption curves differ (Sage, 1992). For example, the absorption peak wavelengths of extracted oat phytochromes are 665 nm for PR and 725 nm for PFR (Butler et al., 1965). Therefore, the conversion of PR to PFR is promoted most effectively by R light (Butler et al., 1964; Sager et al., 1988). In angiosperms, there are multiple phytochrome proteins, which have been named phyA, phyB, phyC, phyD, and phyE (Clack et al., 1994; Sharrock and Quail, 1989). Different mechanisms and pathways of flowering may exist in SDPs and LDPs in response to the R:FR. Studying the use of LEDs that emit R and/or FR light can increase the understanding of how R and FR light in photoperiodic lighting regulate flowering without other, 9PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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