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replacement of INC lamps with FL lamps delays flowering of some FR-sensitive crops such as ‘Wave Purple Classic’ (‘WPC’) petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) (Runkle et al., 2012). High-pressure sodium lamps, either fixed or with a rotating reflector, also promote flowering of LDPs and inhibit flowering of SDPs (Blanchard and Runkle, 2009, 2010; Whitman et al., 1998). High- pressure sodium lamps used for day-extension lighting to provide a 16-h long day and INC lamps used for 4-h NI lighting following a 9-h SD were similarly effective at promoting flowering of four Petunia spp. (Warner, 2010). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have several technical advantages over conventional lamps. Conventional lamps emit a broad spectrum of light, and their spectral distribution cannot be easily modified. In contrast, LEDs emit photons of specific colors of light by blending different proportions of different elements. Therefore, LED lighting allows selection of the most efficacious spectral composition for specific plant responses (Heo et al., 2002; Schubert and Kim, 2005). Many conventional lamps generate a significant amount of undesired infrared radiation, but LEDs emit little radiated heat and can be more energy efficient (Pimputkar et al., 2009). The expected lifetime of a traditional INC lamp is 1,000 h, whereas that of a compact FL (CFL) lamp is between 8,000 and 10,000 h (Tähkämö et al., 2012). In comparison, an LED lamp can last between 20,000 and 55,000 h when operated at favorable temperatures (Morrow, 2008; Tähkämö et al., 2012). The capability to use narrow-band light from LEDs or to combine multiple wavebands has enabled researchers to determine the effects of light quality on flowering of a variety of crops without potentially confounding spectra. Light-emitting diodes with effective spectral composition can therefore replace conventional light sources. For example, LEDs emitting controlled amounts of blue (B; 400 to 500 nm), R, and FR light were a comparable alternative to 32PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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