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Feb. 2013 (see below). All plants were grown following the growers’ standard production practices of watering, fertilization, and pest management. Application of plant-growth retardants was also at the discretion of the grower, and if an application was made, it was the same for all treatments. At C. Raker & Sons, daminozide (B-Nine WSG; OHP, Inc., Mainland, PA) at 2,500 ppm was applied as a foliar spray to dahlia, dianthus, and snapdragon on 13 Feb. 2013. At CfAHR, paclobutrazol (Bonzi; Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) was applied as a foliar spray at 14 ppm to ‘EWBS’ and ‘WPC’ petunia and at 7 ppm to snapdragon; daminozide at 3,200 ppm was applied as a foliar spray to calibrachoa, dianthus, verbena, and dahlia on 27 Feb. 2013. At Henry Mast Greenhouse, paclobutrazol at 1 ppm was applied as a substrate drench with a volume delivering 118 mL per pot to all plants on 22 Feb. 2013. No plant growth retardants were used at Krueger-Maddux Greenhouses, Kube Pak, and MSU. Lighting treatments At each site, 4-h NI lighting treatments were delivered by the R+W+FR LED lamps (GreenPower LED flowering DR/W/FR 120 V, E26; Philips, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) and one or two conventional lamp types at the discretion of the grower (Table II-1). All lamps operated from 2200 HR to 0200 HR every night to provide NI lighting, as controlled by an environmental control computer or a timer. At all sites except MSU, plants received the natural photoperiod. At MSU, opaque black cloth enclosing greenhouse benches was closed at 1700 HR and opened at 0800 HR to provide a truncated 9-h SD for all treatments. In addition to the LED and conventional lamp treatments, CfAHR, MSU, and Kube Pak provided control treatments, including an unlighted natural SD treatment at CfAHR, a truncated 9-h SD treatment at MSU, and a CFL treatment at Kube Pak. At all sites, if any two treatments were close together, a light barrier, such as a blackout fabric or black plastic sheet, was manually positioned between the 35PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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