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The initial fixture and bulb costs per square foot were $0.06, $0.46, and $0.41 for 150-W INC, 250-W HPS, and the 14-W R+W+FR LED lamps, respectively (Table II-3). The electricity used per square foot per week was highest for INC lamps, followed by HPS lamps and the R+W+FR LED lamps. Considering electricity and bulb costs, bulb lifetime, energy consumption, and lamp spacing, the total operating costs per greenhouse per week were estimated to be $19.41, $9.19, and $3.76 for INC, HPS, and the R+W+FR LED lamps, respectively. Discussion In most cases, flowering time of the bedding plants tested was similar under NI lighting provided by INC or HPS lamps and the R+W+FR LEDs. The exceptions included verbena at C. Raker & Sons (delayed under the LEDs compared with HPS lamps), snapdragon at Krueger- Maddux Greenhouses (delayed under the LEDs compared with INC lamps), calibrachoa, ‘EWBS’ petunia and verbena at Kube Pak (delayed under INC lamps compared with the LEDs), and calibrachoa and verbena in house 10E at MSU (delayed under the LEDs compared with INC lamps). At MSU, stem length and VB number at flowering were generally similar under the NI lighting treatments. Therefore, we conclude that in most instances, the R+W+FR LEDs are as effective as lamps traditionally used in greenhouses, such as INC and HPS, when delivered as 4- h NI lighting. Night-interruption lighting promotes flowering of LDPs when the natural days are short (Devlin, 2008). Generally, 4 h of NI lighting is effective for most LDPs. For example, more than 80% of the LDPs that received 4-h NI lighting treatments from INC or HPS lamps formed VB within 16 weeks, whereas most LDPs remained vegetative under a 9-h SD (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010). In the trials performed at MSU, the NI lighting treatments promoted flowering of 41PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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