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most LDPs compared with the 9-h SD treatment. The promoting effects of NI lighting treatments at CfAHR were somewhat less compared with that of the natural SD treatment. The natural daylength from sunrise to sunset at CfAHR increased from 10 h 37 m on 2 Feb. 2013 to 12 h 38 m on 4 Apr. 2013. Therefore, compared with the 9-h SD at MSU, plants at CfAHR were exposed to a longer natural photoperiod, which could have been sufficient to promote flowering of some crops. However, NI lighting accelerated flowering of calibrachoa, ‘WPC’ petunia, and snapdragon at CfAHR compared with the SD treatment, indicating these crops have a longer photoperiod for flowering than the other crops. The same strong photoperiodic responses of these crops occurred at MSU. Phytochrome is primarily an R and FR light-absorbing photoreceptor that regulates flowering of LDPs. The radiation distribution determines the amounts of induced R-absorbing (PR) and FR-absorbing (PFR) forms of phytochrome in photoperiodic plants, resulting in a steady- state phytochrome photoquilibrium (defined as PFR/PR+FR) (Sager et al., 1988). Night-interruption lighting provided by R and FR FL lamps with an R:FR of 0.5 or 1.0 was most effective at promoting flowering of the LDP lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum; Yamada et al., 2009). Similarly, day-extension lighting provided by a mixture of R and FR LEDs with an R:FR between 0.23 and 0.71 promoted flowering of the LDP baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata; Nishidate et al., 2012). Another study demonstrated that NI lighting provided by experimental LED fixtures with an estimated PFR/PR+FR of 0.63 (R:FR = 0.66) or 0.72 (R:FR = 1.07) most effectively promoted flowering of LDPs (Craig and Runkle, 2012). The flowering responses under these LEDs were also similar to those under the INC lamps with a PFR/PR+FR of 0.64 (R:FR = 0.59), indicating LEDs that emit an intermediate PFR/PR+FR are a feasible replacement for INC lamps. In this study, the PFR/PR+FR of the INC lamps and R+W+FR LEDs was 0.64 (R:FR = 0.56) 42PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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